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What are the commonly used electrolyte solvents for lithium batteries? The electrolyte of lithium batteries is an important component of the battery and has a significant impact on its performance. The electrolyte of lithium batteries is mainly composed of organic solvents, and suitable solvents require high dielectric constant and low viscosity. Commonly used solvents include alkyl carbonates such as PC and EC, which have strong polarity and high dielectric constant. This article will discuss in detail the solvent composition of lithium battery electrolytes.
Lithium battery electrolyte:
Lithium battery electrolyte is the carrier for ion transport in batteries. It is generally composed of lithium salts and organic solvents. Electrolyte plays a role in conducting ions between the positive and negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries, ensuring their advantages such as high voltage and high specific energy. Electrolytes are generally prepared from high-purity organic solvents, electrolyte lithium salts, necessary additives, and other raw materials under certain conditions and in certain proportions.
The electrolyte is mainly composed of three parts:
Solvent: cyclic carbonate (PC, EC); Chain carbonates (DEC, DMC, EMC); Carboxylic esters (MF, MA, EA, MA, MP, etc.).
Lithium salts: LiPF6, LiClO4, LiBF4, LiAsF6, etc.
Additives: film-forming additives, conductive additives, flame retardant additives, overcharge protection additives, additives for controlling H2O and HF content in electrolytes, additives for improving low-temperature performance, multifunctional additives.
What are the commonly used electrolyte solvents for lithium batteries?
Organic solvents are the main component of electrolytes and are closely related to their properties. Generally, high dielectric constant solvents are mixed with low viscosity solvents for use. Common electrolyte lithium salts include lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, etc. However, considering various aspects such as cost and safety, lithium hexafluorophosphate is the main electrolyte used in commercial lithium batteries. The use of additives has not yet been commercialized, but it has always been one of the research hotspots in organic electrolytes.
The commonly used solvents in lithium battery electrolytes include ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC), etc. Acrylic carbonate (PC), ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DME), and other solvents mainly used for lithium primary batteries are generally not used. PC is used for secondary batteries and has poor compatibility with the graphite negative electrode of lithium-ion batteries. During the charging and discharging process, PC decomposes on the surface of the graphite negative electrode, causing the graphite layer to peel off, resulting in a decrease in the cycling performance of lithium-ion batteries.
The quality of organic solvents in lithium battery electrolytes must be strictly controlled before use, such as requiring a purity of over 99.9% and a moisture content of less than 10 * 10-6. There is a close relationship between the purity of solvents and stable voltage. The oxidation potential of organic solvents that meet purity standards is around 5V. The oxidation potential of organic solvents is of great significance for studying the prevention of battery overcharging and safety. Strictly controlling the moisture content of organic solvents has a decisive impact on the preparation of qualified lithium battery electrolytes.
At present, there are many new lithium salts that are being researched, which are considered reliable based on existing lithium salts. However, their conductivity is very high and they still cause some corrosion to lithium batteries. Previously, electrolytes were mainly used to meet the demands of the 3C market. With the development of power batteries, the integration between previous electrolyte and battery factories has not been very good.
With the development of the new energy vehicle market, the demand for power batteries is very high, and we need to stand higher to meet the needs of new energy vehicles. From the perspective of automobiles, we will have a new understanding of electrolytes. So it is recommended that the industry be integrated, and existing electrolyte factories and lithium battery factories must be merged together to meet the demand for lithium batteries in new energy vehicles.
The production of electrolyte solvents for lithium batteries is becoming increasingly mature, and the production of electrolyte solutions is also becoming more mature. Because they play a crucial role in the various properties of lithium batteries, electrolyte solvents have always been one of the research hotspots. After all, the electrolyte of lithium batteries accounts for 15% of the battery cost and indeed plays a crucial role in the energy density, power density, wide temperature application, cycle life, safety performance, and other aspects of the battery.
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