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Performance Comparison between Lead-acid Batteries and Lithium Batteries

Lead-acid batteries and lithium batteries differ in several performance aspects. The following is a detailed comparison:

I. Energy Density

1. Lead-acid Batteries

• They have a relatively low energy density, usually ranging from 30 to 50 Wh/kg. This means that for the same mass, lead-acid batteries can store relatively less electrical energy. For example, a 10-kg lead-acid battery may only store 300 to 500 Wh of energy. Such a low energy density limits the use of lead-acid batteries in application scenarios that require high energy storage, such as long-range electric vehicles.

2. Lithium Batteries

• They have a relatively high energy density. Taking common lithium-ion batteries as an example, their energy density is generally around 100 to 260 Wh/kg. Some high-performance lithium batteries can even exceed 300 Wh/kg. This enables lithium batteries to store more electrical energy under the same mass, providing more lasting power support for devices. For example, a 10-kg lithium battery may store 1000 to 2600 Wh of energy, which is far higher than that of lead-acid batteries.

II. Charge-discharge Performance

1. Charging Speed

• Lead-acid Batteries: The charging speed is relatively slow. Generally, the charging time of lead-acid batteries is long, and it may take 6 to 8 hours or even longer to fully charge the battery. This is because the charging process of lead-acid batteries is limited by factors such as the reaction speed of the plates and the diffusion speed of the electrolyte.

• Lithium Batteries: The charging speed is usually fast. Especially for lithium batteries with fast-charging technology, they can charge a large amount of electricity in a short time. For example, some lithium batteries can be charged to about 80% of their capacity within 30 minutes to 1 to 2 hours, greatly shortening the waiting time for charging.

2. Discharge Performance

• Lead-acid Batteries: The ability to discharge at high current is relatively weak. In situations that require high-power output, such as during rapid acceleration or climbing of an electric vehicle, lead-acid batteries may not be able to provide sufficient current, resulting in insufficient power. Moreover, during the discharge process of lead-acid batteries, the voltage drops significantly, which may affect the normal operation of the device.

• Lithium Batteries: They have good high-current discharge performance. They can provide a relatively large current in a short time to meet the needs of high-power devices. For example, when lithium batteries are applied to electric tools or high-performance electric vehicles, they can effectively support the rapid start and high-power output of the devices, and the voltage is relatively stable during the discharge process.

III. Cycle Life

1. Lead-acid Batteries

• The cycle life is relatively short, usually around 300 to 500 times. As the number of charge-discharge cycles increases, problems such as sulfation of the plates and shedding of active materials occur in lead-acid batteries, leading to a gradual decrease in battery capacity and deterioration of performance. For example, after 300 to 500 charge-discharge cycles, the capacity of lead-acid batteries may drop to about 60% to 70% of the initial capacity.

2. Lithium Batteries

• The cycle life is relatively long, usually reaching 1000 to 2000 times or more. The chemical structure of lithium batteries enables them to better maintain the stability of electrode materials during the charge-discharge process, reducing capacity attenuation. For example, some high-quality lithium batteries can still maintain about 80% of the initial capacity after 1000 charge-discharge cycles.

IV. Safety

1. Lead-acid Batteries

• They have relatively good safety. The chemical system of lead-acid batteries is relatively mature, and generally no serious safety issues occur during normal use. However, if the battery is severely overcharged, overdischarged, short-circuited, or exposed to external high temperatures, electrolyte leakage, battery bulging, and even safety accidents such as fire or explosion may occur.

2. Lithium Batteries

• Most lithium batteries are safe under normal use conditions. However, lithium batteries are more sensitive to the use environment and charge-discharge conditions. In extreme cases, such as overcharging, overdischarging, short-circuiting, or being subjected to strong mechanical impact, lithium batteries may experience thermal runaway, resulting in battery combustion or explosion. However, with the continuous development of battery technology, such as the addition of safety protection circuits and the improvement of battery materials, the safety of lithium batteries is continuously improving.

V. Self-discharge Rate

1. Lead-acid Batteries

• They have a relatively high self-discharge rate. During the storage process, lead-acid batteries will consume electricity naturally. Generally, the monthly self-discharge rate of lead-acid batteries may be around 3% to 5%. This means that if a lead-acid battery is not used for a long time, its electricity will gradually decrease, and it needs to be charged regularly to maintain the performance of the battery.

2. Lithium Batteries

• They have a relatively low self-discharge rate. Usually, the monthly self-discharge rate of lithium batteries is between 1% and 3%. This enables lithium batteries to retain more electricity after being stored for a period of time, making them more suitable for application scenarios that require long-term storage or backup power.

VI. Cost and Price

1. Lead-acid Batteries

• They have a lower cost and a relatively inexpensive price. This is because the raw materials of lead-acid batteries (such as lead, sulfuric acid, etc.) are relatively inexpensive, and the production process is also relatively mature. Therefore, lead-acid batteries are still widely used in some cost-sensitive application fields, such as low-speed electric vehicles and electric tricycles.

2. Lithium Batteries

• They have a higher cost and a more expensive price. The production of lithium batteries involves some high-purity raw materials (such as lithium salts, special electrode materials, etc.) and complex production processes, which result in a higher cost. However, with the development of lithium battery technology and the manifestation of the scale effect, their price is gradually decreasing, and in some high-end application fields (such as electric vehicles, high-end electronic products, etc.), the high-performance advantages of lithium batteries are making their cost-effectiveness gradually more prominent.

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