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What are the differences in the service lives of lead-acid batteries and lithium-iron-phosphate batteries?

I. Cycle Life

1. Lead-acid Batteries

• The cycle life of lead-acid batteries is relatively short. Generally, the number of charge-discharge cycles is around 300 to 500 times. This is because irreversible chemical reactions occur at the positive and negative electrodes of lead-acid batteries during the charge-discharge process. For example, during discharging, lead (Pb) at the negative electrode and lead dioxide (PbO₂) at the positive electrode react with sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) in the electrolyte to form lead sulfate (PbSO₄). As the number of charge-discharge cycles increases, lead sulfate gradually accumulates on the electrode surfaces, and the sulfation of the plates occurs. Plate sulfation will increase the internal resistance of the battery and reduce the utilization rate of the active materials, thus leading to a decrease in battery capacity and ultimately shortening the cycle life of the battery.

2. Lithium-iron-phosphate Batteries

• The cycle life of lithium-iron-phosphate batteries is much longer. Usually, the number of charge-discharge cycles can reach more than 2,000 times. This benefits from the stable chemical structure of lithium-iron-phosphate batteries. During the charge-discharge process, lithium-iron-phosphate (LiFePO₄) as the positive electrode material can maintain good stability during the insertion and extraction of lithium ions (Li⁺). For example, the insertion and extraction of lithium ions in the positive electrode material do not cause significant changes in the crystal structure, which enables the battery to withstand a greater number of charge-discharge cycles without the rapid performance degradation like that of lead-acid batteries due to structural changes.

II. Service Life (Actual Years of Use)

1. Lead-acid Batteries

• In actual use, the service life of lead-acid batteries is usually 2 to 3 years. Besides the limitation of cycle life, there are other factors that can affect its service life. For example, lead-acid batteries are relatively sensitive to the usage environment. In a high-temperature environment, the chemical reactions inside the battery will accelerate, and the evaporation of the electrolyte will also speed up, resulting in water loss in the battery and accelerated aging of the plates. In addition, over-discharging, under-charging, or long-term non-use can also cause damage to the battery, further shortening its service life.

2. Lithium-iron-phosphate Batteries

• Under normal use conditions, the service life of lithium-iron-phosphate batteries can reach about 8 to 10 years. Its relatively long service life is mainly attributed to its high cycle life and good stability. Moreover, the performance degradation of lithium-iron-phosphate batteries is relatively slow under different charge-discharge states and environmental conditions. For example, even in some relatively harsh temperature environments or under certain conditions of deep charge-discharge, lithium-iron-phosphate batteries can still maintain relatively stable performance, thus prolonging their actual years of use.

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