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The following are some factors that can affect the self-discharge rate of lithium-ion batteries:

I. Factors Related to the Battery Cell Itself

1. Electrode Materials and Structures

• Different electrode materials have different chemical activities. For example, among the cathode materials, the self-discharge characteristics of ternary materials (such as lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, NCM) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) are somewhat different. Due to its relatively high chemical activity, the self-discharge rate of ternary materials may be slightly faster than that of lithium iron phosphate.

• The microscopic structure of the electrode is also crucial. If the particle size of the electrode material is uneven or the porosity is inappropriate, it will affect the intercalation and deintercalation processes of lithium ions in the electrode, thereby increasing the possibility of self-discharge. For example, if the electrode particles are too small, the specific surface area will be too large, which will increase the contact area between the electrode and the electrolyte, expose more active sites, and make the self-discharge reaction more likely to occur.

2. Electrolyte Composition

• The electrolyte is the medium for lithium ion transmission, and its composition has a significant impact on self-discharge. For example, the impurity content in the electrolyte will affect the self-discharge rate. If the electrolyte contains excessive metal ion impurities (such as iron ions, copper ions, etc.), these impurities may undergo electrochemical deposition reactions on the electrode surface, forming micro-short circuits and accelerating the self-discharge of the battery.

• Different lithium salts also lead to different self-discharge performances. Commonly used lithium salts include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆), etc. Its thermal and chemical stabilities will affect self-discharge. Under high-temperature conditions, LiPF₆ may decompose to produce substances such as PF₅. PF₅ has a strong Lewis acidity and will react with the organic solvents in the electrolyte, disrupting the stability of the electrolyte and further increasing self-discharge.

II. Environmental Factors

1. Temperature

• Temperature is an important environmental factor that affects the self-discharge rate. Generally speaking, as the temperature rises, the self-discharge rate will accelerate. This is because an increase in temperature accelerates the reaction rate inside the battery. For example, at room temperature (around 25°C), the self-discharge rate of lithium-ion batteries may be between 0.5% and 3% per month. However, in a high-temperature environment (above 40°C), the self-discharge rate may double or even increase further, reaching 3% to 8% or higher per month.

• In a low-temperature environment, although the self-discharge rate will decrease to some extent, it may also have other adverse effects on battery performance, such as reducing the available capacity and charging and discharging efficiency of the battery.

2. Humidity

• A high-humidity environment may cause the battery casing to get wet, and moisture may penetrate into the battery through the tiny gaps in the battery casing. Once the moisture enters the battery, it will react with the electrolyte, changing the composition and properties of the electrolyte. For example, moisture may hydrolyze with the lithium salt to produce corrosive substances such as hydrofluoric acid (HF), which will damage the electrode materials and other components inside the battery and also increase the self-discharge of the battery.

III. Battery Usage Conditions

1. Charging and Discharging History

• The number of charging and discharging cycles of the battery will affect the self-discharge rate. With an increase in the number of charging and discharging cycles, the electrode materials will undergo certain structural changes. For example, the electrode materials will gradually show pulverization, causing the contact area between the electrode and the electrolyte to change, thereby affecting self-discharge. Usually, the self-discharge rate of a battery after a large number of charging and discharging cycles will be slightly higher than that of a new battery.

• Overcharging or overdischarging will also have an impact on self-discharge. Overcharging may cause side reactions inside the battery, such as the destruction of the structure of the cathode material, generating more active sites, thereby increasing the possibility of self-discharge; overdischarging may reduce the stability of the anode material and also accelerate self-discharge.

2. Battery Storage State

• The state of charge (SOC) of the battery during storage will affect the self-discharge. If the battery is in a high SOC state (such as 100%) during storage, the self-discharge rate may be faster than that in a low SOC state. This is because in the high SOC state, the lithium ions inside the battery are more active and more likely to undergo self-discharge reactions.

• The storage time of the battery is also important. Long-term storage will cause the self-discharge to accumulate, making the loss of battery capacity more obvious. For example, for the same battery, the degree of capacity loss after one month of storage and after six months of storage is different. The capacity loss after six months of storage will be more severe, and self-discharge may also lead to a decline in battery performance, such as an increase in internal resistance.

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