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Self - discharge mainly has the following impacts on the performance of lithium - ion batteries:

I. Capacity Loss

1. Direct Capacity Decrease
   During the self - discharge process of lithium - ion batteries, physical and chemical changes occur spontaneously inside the battery, causing the electric charge inside the battery to gradually drain. For example, under normal circumstances, the self - discharge rate of lithium - ion batteries is 0.5% - 3% per month. This means that if a battery with an initial capacity of 1000 mAh undergoes self - discharge for one month, its capacity may decrease to between 997 mAh and 995 mAh.
   As time passes, this gradual decrease in capacity will affect the battery's endurance time for powering devices. For some devices with high power requirements, such as smartphones or laptops, the capacity reduction may lead to the device shutting down prematurely, affecting the user experience.

2. Aggravated Capacity Degradation during Long - term Storage
   When the battery is stored for a long time, self - discharge will continuously lead to capacity loss. Moreover, during storage in a high - temperature environment, self - discharge will be more pronounced. If the battery is stored in a high - temperature environment for a long time, due to self - discharge and accelerated internal chemical reactions, the battery capacity will be lost at a faster rate. For example, in a high - temperature environment, the battery's self - discharge rate may exceed 3% per month, leading to a rapid decrease in battery capacity and potentially making the battery unable to meet the device's power requirements before the expected usage time.

II. Battery Life Shortening

1. Accelerated Chemical Substance Aging
   The self - discharge process is accompanied by chemical reactions inside the battery. Frequent self - discharge will accelerate the aging rate of chemical substances such as electrode materials and electrolytes inside the battery. For example, during the self - discharge process, some irreversible side reactions may occur on the electrode surface, consuming the active substances in the electrode materials.
   The aging of these chemical substances will lead to a decline in battery performance, such as an increase in the battery's internal resistance. After the internal resistance increases, the battery will generate more heat during the charging and discharging process, further accelerating the battery's aging and forming a vicious cycle, thereby shortening the overall service life of the battery.

2. Impaired Calendar Life
   Even if the battery is not charged or discharged, just because of self - discharge and the aging of internal chemical substances, the battery will also have a certain amount of loss. Generally speaking, the empirical value of the battery's calendar life is about a 5% loss per year. Self - discharge will make this calendar - life loss more obvious, resulting in a reduction in the number of years the battery can be used normally.

III. Battery Performance Instability

1. Voltage Drop Affects Device Operation
   Self - discharge will lead to a decrease in battery voltage. For some devices that are sensitive to voltage, when the battery voltage drops to a certain level, the device's performance may decline or it may not work properly. For example, some precision electronic instruments may require the battery voltage to be within a certain range to operate accurately, and the voltage drop caused by self - discharge may reduce the measurement accuracy of the instrument or cause it to malfunction.

2. Inaccurate Power Display
   Due to the existence of self - discharge, the battery management system (BMS) may have deviations in battery power monitoring. After the battery has been left idle for a period of time, the actual power has decreased due to self - discharge, but the BMS may not have updated the data in a timely manner, resulting in an inaccurate power display. This will cause trouble for users when using the device. For example, users may arrange the device's usage time according to the inaccurate power display, and as a result, the device may shut down prematurely.

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