Research and development progress of low-temperature power lithium battery technology
abstract:
The main reasons for battery degradation in low-temperature environments are as follows: Firstly, low temperatures have an impact on battery internal resistance. The thermal diffusion area becomes large and the battery internal resistance increases. Secondly, the ability of charge transfer inside an...
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The main reasons for battery degradation in low-temperature environments are as follows: Firstly, low temperatures have an impact on battery internal resistance. The thermal diffusion area becomes large and the battery internal resistance increases. Secondly, the ability of charge transfer inside and outside the battery is poor, and local irreversible polarization occurs when the battery undergoes deformation. Thirdly, electrolyte molecules move slowly at low temperatures and have difficulty diffusing in a timely manner when the temperature rises. Therefore, low-temperature batteries experience severe degradation, leading to a significant decline in battery performance.
Current Status of Low-Temperature Battery Technology
The technology and material performance requirements for lithium-ion power batteries prepared at low temperatures are very high. The reason for the severe performance degradation of lithium-ion power batteries in low-temperature environments is the increase in internal resistance, which leads to difficulties in electrolyte diffusion and a shortened cycle life of battery cells. Therefore, certain progress has been made in the research of low-temperature power battery technology in recent years. Traditional high-temperature lithium-ion batteries have poor high-temperature performance and their performance remains unstable under low-temperature conditions; low-temperature battery cells have large volumes, low capacities, and poor low-temperature cycle performance; polarization is significantly stronger at low temperatures than at high temperatures; the increase in electrolyte viscosity at low temperatures leads to a reduction in the number of charging and discharging cycles; the safety of battery cells and the battery life are reduced at low temperatures; and the performance in use declines at low temperatures. In addition, problems such as short battery cycle life and potential safety hazards of low-temperature battery cells under low-temperature conditions have raised new requirements for the safety of power batteries. Therefore, the development of power battery materials with stable performance, safety, and reliability as well as a long life in low-temperature environments is the focus of research on low-temperature lithium-ion batteries. Currently, the following are the main types of low-temperature lithium-ion battery materials at home and abroad:
Metallic lithium anode materials: Due to their advantages such as high chemical stability, high conductivity, and good low-temperature charging and discharging performance, they are widely used in electric vehicles;
Carbon anode materials have the advantages of good heat resistance, low-temperature cycle performance, low conductivity, and low-temperature cycle life at low temperatures and are widely used in electric vehicles;
Organic electrolytes have relatively good performance at low temperatures;
Polymer electrolytes: Polymer molecular chains are relatively short and have high affinity;
Inorganic materials: Inorganic polymers have good coordination between their performance parameters (conductivity) and electrolyte activity;
Metal oxides are relatively few;
Inorganic substances: Inorganic polymers, etc.
The Impact of Low-Temperature Environments on Lithium Batteries
The cycle life of lithium batteries mainly depends on the discharging process, and low temperature is a significant factor affecting the life of lithium products. Usually, in a low-temperature environment, a phase change occurs on the battery surface, causing damage to the surface structure, accompanied by a reduction in capacity and battery cell capacity. Under high-temperature conditions, gases are generated in the battery cells, which will accelerate thermal diffusion; at low temperatures, the gases cannot be discharged in a timely manner, accelerating the liquid-phase change of the battery; the lower the temperature, the more gases are generated, and the slower the liquid-phase change of the battery. Therefore, the changes in substances inside the battery are more intense and complex under low-temperature conditions, and it is easier for gases and solids to be generated inside the battery materials; at the same time, when the temperature is too low, irreversible chemical bond breaking and a series of other destructive reactions will occur at the interface between the anode material and the electrolyte; it will also lead to a reduction in the degree of self-assembly of the electrolyte and a shortened cycle life; the ability of lithium-ion charges to transfer to the electrolyte will decline; during the charging and discharging process, a series of chain reactions such as polarization phenomena in the transfer process of lithium-ion charges, battery capacity attenuation, and internal stress release will occur, affecting the functions such as the cycle life and energy density of lithium-ion batteries. The lower the temperature at low temperatures, the more intense and complex the various destructive reactions such as redox reactions on the battery surface, thermal diffusion, and phase changes inside the battery cells will be, and even after complete destruction, it will trigger a series of chain reactions such as slower self-assembly of the electrolyte, slower reaction speed, more severe battery capacity attenuation, and poorer migration ability of lithium-ion charges at high temperatures.
Prospects for the Progress of Research on Low-Temperature Lithium Battery Technology
In low-temperature environments, the safety, cycle life, and temperature stability of battery cells of batteries will be affected, and the impact of low temperature on the life of lithium batteries cannot be ignored. Currently, certain progress has been made in the research and development of low-temperature power battery technology using various methods such as diaphragms, electrolytes, and positive and negative electrode materials. In the future, the research and development of low-temperature lithium battery technology should be improved in the following aspects:
Develop a lithium battery material system with high energy density, long life, low attenuation, small size, and low cost at low temperatures;
Continuously improve the ability to control battery internal resistance through structural design and material preparation technologies;
When developing a high-capacity, low-cost lithium battery system, attention should be paid to the influence of key factors such as electrolyte additives, the interface between lithium ions and positive and negative electrodes, and internal active substances;
Improve the cycle performance of batteries (charging and discharging specific energy), the thermal stability of batteries in low-temperature environments, the safety of lithium batteries in low-temperature environments, and other directions of battery technology development;
Develop a high-safety, high-cost, low-cost power battery system solution under low-temperature conditions;
Develop and promote the application of low-temperature battery-related products;
Develop high-performance, low-temperature-resistant battery materials and device technologies.
Of course, in addition to the above research directions, there are also many other research directions that can further improve battery performance under low-temperature conditions, increase the energy density of low-temperature batteries, reduce battery attenuation in low-temperature environments, and extend the service life of batteries. However, the more important issue is how to achieve the commercial use of batteries with high performance, high safety, low cost, high mileage, long life, and low cost under low-temperature conditions, which is the key problem that current research needs to focus on breaking through and solving.
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