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Coulombic Efficiency (CE): The ratio of the amount of electricity that a battery can release to the amount of electricity charged into it.
Unit: %
The first Coulombic Efficiency is of utmost importance and is abbreviated as the initial efficiency.

Electrical Potential: Also known as electrode potential, it is an attribute of an electrode.
Voltage: The potential difference between two electrodes. Voltage is an attribute of a battery.
Li has the most negative electrode potential, so the voltage of a lithium-ion battery is relatively high.

Voltage Curve Changes with Lithium Concentration: Two Mechanisms?
Solid Solution Reaction Mechanism - A sloping voltage-lithium content/capacity curve.
Two-Phase Reaction Mechanism - A flat voltage-lithium content/capacity curve.

Open Circuit Potential (OCV): The voltage across the positive and negative terminals of a battery when there is no load. It is further extended to refer to the potential of materials in different states of lithium intercalation and deintercalation.

Working Voltage: The voltage across the positive and negative terminals of a battery when there is a load. It is equal to the open circuit voltage minus the internal resistance.

Cut-off Voltage: The specified maximum charging voltage or minimum discharging voltage.

Energy: The electrical energy output by a battery when it does work on the outside.
W = EQ (Wh)
Specific Capacity (mAh/g) * Voltage - Specific Energy (Wh/kg)
Theoretical Specific Capacity - Theoretical Specific Energy

Lifetime
Cycling Performance: One charge and discharge cycle is considered as one cycle. After each cycle, the performance (such as capacity, voltage, etc.) of the battery will change. The retention of its performance is called cycling life, also known as cycling performance.
Capacity Retention: The ratio of the capacity after multiple cycles to the initial capacity.

Power: The ability of a battery to do work on the outside quickly.
Closely related to power is the charging and discharging rate (Rate).
Considering the unit of capacity, the rate is represented by current (Current, mA).
Considering the unit of specific capacity, the rate is represented by current density (Current Density, mA/g).
The larger the current/current density, the faster the charging and discharging, and the better the power performance.

C Rate: 1C = The current density (mA/g) required to fully charge the theoretical capacity of a battery in 1 hour.
0.1C = 10 hours
10C = 0.1 hours
Rate Performance: The charging and discharging capacity at a specific rate. It is an indicator reflecting the power performance of a battery.

Common Abbreviations
PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride, with a molecular weight ranging from 300,000 to 600,000, is the most commonly used binder for the positive electrode).
NMP (N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone, a good organic solvent that can dissolve PVDF relatively quickly).
CMC (Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium, similar to pectin, used in combination with SBR for dispersion and thickening).
Conductive Agents (Graphite types: KS-6, SO; Conductive Carbon Blacks, such as SuperP, Acetylene Black, Ketjen Black, etc.).
XRD: X-ray Diffraction Technique.
CNT: Carbon Nanotube Conductive Agent.
EIS: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy.
(EDS) Energy Dispersive Spectrometer: What we usually refer to as EDS is short for Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer, simply called the energy spectrometer. It can simultaneously record all X-ray spectra to measure the functional relationship between X-ray intensity and X-ray energy. It is a rapid micro-area composition analysis method that does not damage the specimen. It conducts qualitative analysis of elements by measuring the energy of characteristic X-rays excited from the material and quantitative analysis by measuring the intensity of characteristic X-rays. EDS began to be commercialized and promoted in the early 1970s and is now basically a standard equipment for SEM.
Sodium Alginate (SA): A binder.
The Deionized Water: Deionized water.
Coating Machine: A coating machine.
0.5 ppm: 0.5 parts per million.
LiPF6 generally refers to Lithium Hexafluorophosphate, which is the most important component of the electrolyte, accounting for approximately 43% of the total cost of the electrolyte.
Ethylene Carbonate and Diethyl Carbonate: Raw materials for the electrolyte.
A Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC, Damas-Beta) Solvent: A solvent used to rinse electrodes.
SEI: Solid Electrolyte Interface Film.

Battery Manufacturing Process
Weigh 75 mg of CMC + 1600 mg of deionized water + an appropriate amount of zirconium beads, and stir for 30 minutes at 2000 revolutions per minute.
Weigh 25 mg of carbon black + 1000 mg of deionized water, and stir for 30 minutes at 2000 revolutions per minute.
Weigh 900 mg of carbon black + 1000 mg of deionized water, and stir for 30 minutes at 2000 revolutions per minute.
Remove the zirconium beads, and the slurry preparation is completed.
Cut a copper foil of a certain size, fix it on a glass slide, then pour the slurry onto the copper foil, and spread it with a scraper.
Then place it in a drying oven at 110°C for 12 hours.
Then punch holes with a diameter of 10 mm.
Then weigh the mass of the electrode.
Place the punched electrode in a glove box and dry it for 12 hours.
Start assembling.
Place the negative electrode in the positive electrode shell.
Pour in the electrolyte.
Place the separator.
Press the steel sheet and the lithium sheet together by hand, and then place the lithium sheet facing down.
Then place the spring.
Then place the negative electrode shell.
Then place it on the machine and press it to 50 for 5 - 6 seconds.

Tab: A metal conductor that leads out the positive and negative electrodes from the lithium-ion battery cell. The positive electrode usually adopts an aluminum strip, and the negative electrode adopts a nickel strip or a copper-plated nickel strip. The tab should have good weldability.

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