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What are the characteristics and application fields of different material types of lithium batteries?

Lithium batteries of different material types vary greatly in characteristics and application fields. The following are some common ones:

1. Types of Cathode Materials:

• Characteristics: It has a relatively balanced performance in terms of capacity and safety, with a relatively high energy density, but its safety is often questioned, and its cycle stability and storage performance at high temperatures are poor.

• Application Fields: It is currently widely used in the field of laptop batteries and also has applications in fields such as electric vehicles.

• Characteristics: It has relatively high safety, a long cycle life (generally around 1500 cycles), good high-temperature performance (it can still work normally at 45°C), no memory effect, and can be charged and discharged at any time. However, it has poor low-temperature performance, and its performance will be greatly affected at -10°C. Moreover, due to high requirements for the production process, the production rate is low, and the cost is also relatively high.

• Application Fields: It can be applied to large electric vehicles, such as buses, electric cars, sightseeing vehicles in scenic spots, and hybrid vehicles; it is also used in light electric vehicles, such as electric bicycles, golf carts, small flat-panel battery vehicles; it can also be applied to power tools, toys such as remote-controlled cars, energy storage devices for solar and wind power generation, UPS, and emergency lights.

• Characteristics: It has a low cost, is inexpensive, has good safety performance, and excellent low-temperature performance, with an efficiency of over 90% when discharging at -20°C. However, it has poor high-temperature performance, poor rate discharge performance, and a low cycle life, approximately 300 to 400 cycles, and is prone to swelling.

• Application Fields: It is mainly used as a power battery in the field of new energy vehicles.

• Characteristics: It has a stable structure, a high specific capacity, and outstanding comprehensive performance, with a relatively high energy density and voltage platform. However, it has poor safety and a very high cost.

• Application Fields: It is mainly used in small and medium-sized battery cells and is widely used in small electronic devices such as laptops, mobile phones, MP3/4 players, etc. Due to safety and cost issues, it is less used in the field of power batteries.

• Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂):

• Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn₂O₄):

• Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄):

• Ternary Polymer Lithium Batteries (with the cathode material being lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide or lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide):

2. Types of Anode Materials:

• Silicon-Based Materials: Including crystalline silicon materials and silicon monoxide materials. Crystalline silicon materials have a high capacity, but the volume expansion can reach 300%, which seriously affects the cycle performance; silicon monoxide materials have a relatively smaller volume expansion, but the initial efficiency is too low.

• Tin-Based Materials: They have the advantages of high specific capacity, moderate intercalation and deintercalation voltages of lithium, abundant natural reserves, low price, non-toxicity, high safety, and environmental friendliness. However, when intercalating and deintercalating lithium, phase transformation and alloying reactions occur, which will produce a huge volume expansion effect, leading to the pulverization of materials, destruction of the structure, a sharp decline in capacity, and poor cycle performance.

• Titanium-Based Materials: Such as lithium titanate, it has the characteristics of high safety, high rate, and long life. It has a relatively higher ion diffusion rate compared to graphite, but it has poor conductivity and needs carbon coating and doping modification; it has a high potential and can only form a relatively low voltage with high-potential cathode materials, and its theoretical capacity is also relatively low.

• Lithium Metal: It has a low standard electrode potential and a high theoretical specific capacity. However, phenomena such as lithium dendrites, negative electrode precipitation, and negative electrode side reactions occur during use, which seriously affect the safety of the battery. At present, it is still in the conceptual stage.

• Soft Carbon: Also known as easily graphitizable carbon materials, it has excellent low-temperature performance and good rate performance, but it has a relatively high irreversible capacity during the first charge and discharge, a low output voltage, and no obvious charge and discharge platforms. Generally, it is not used independently as an anode material, but usually used as a coating or component of the anode material.

• Hard Carbon: It is difficult to graphitize even at a high temperature above 2500°C. It has excellent charge and discharge performance, but it has a very high initial irreversible capacity, a voltage platform lag, a low compacted density, and is prone to gas generation.

• Natural Graphite: It has a low potential against lithium, a high initial efficiency, good cycle stability, and a low cost. However, natural graphite has many surface defects, a large specific surface area, and a relatively low initial efficiency; when using a PC-based electrolyte, there is a serious phenomenon of co-intercalation of solvated lithium ions, which leads to the expansion and peeling of the graphite layer and the failure of battery performance; moreover, natural graphite has strong anisotropy and poor rate performance, and is prone to lithium plating. Its electrochemical performance can be improved after modification treatment.

• Artificial Graphite: Generally, it is made by using dense petroleum coke or needle coke as precursors and undergoing high-temperature graphitization treatment, avoiding the surface defects of natural graphite. However, it still has problems such as poor rate performance due to crystal anisotropy, poor low-temperature performance, and prone to lithium plating during charging.

• Graphite Materials:

• Non-Graphite Carbon Materials:

• Non-Carbon-Based Anode Materials:

3. Electrolyte Materials:

• Non-Aqueous Organic Liquid Electrolytes: They have a relatively high ionic conductivity and can meet the normal working requirements of lithium batteries. However, they have disadvantages such as leakage, flammability, volatility, and instability.

• Polymer Electrolytes: They are divided into two types: all-solid-state and colloidal. They have the advantages of flexibility of polymer materials, good film-forming ability, viscoelasticity, stability, light weight, low cost, mechanical properties, and electrochemical stability. However, their ionic conductivity is relatively low, which limits their use in some application scenarios with high power requirements.

• Inorganic Solid Electrolytes: They have relatively high safety and stability, are non-flammable and non-volatile, but their ionic conductivity is relatively low, and the preparation process is complex and the cost is high.

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