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Which Type of Lithium Battery Is the Best and Safest?

Positive Electrode Materials
Negative Electrode Materials
Electrolyte

Basic Principles of Batteries: Charging (Taking the Charging of LiCoO₂||C Battery as an Example)
Positive Electrode (Cathode): LiCoO₂
Undergoes an oxidation reaction to gain electrons (Co is oxidized).
Lithium is deintercalated.

Negative Electrode (Anode): Graphite
Undergoes a reduction reaction to lose electrons.
Lithium is intercalated.

Battery Reaction

Basic Principles of Batteries: Discharge
Discharge is the reverse process of charging.
Half-Cell: Lithium intercalation - Discharge
Full-Cell: Lithium intercalation - Charging
During charging and discharging, lithium ions shuttle back and forth between the positive and negative electrodes, so it is vividly called a rocking chair battery (rock-chair battery).

Basic Requirements for the Performance of Key Components of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Negative Electrode (Anode)
Low potential (0 - 2V)
Good electronic conductivity
Good ionic conductivity
Large lithium storage capacity
The potential changes gently with the lithium content (not necessarily)
Chemically stable, electrochemically stable, reversible reaction, inexpensive, and safe

Positive Electrode (Cathode)
High potential (3 - 5V)
Good electronic conductivity
Good ionic conductivity
Large lithium storage capacity
The potential changes gently with the lithium content (not necessarily)
Chemically stable, electrochemically stable, reversible reaction, inexpensive, and safe

Electrolyte Salts, Electrolyte Solvents
Good solubility
Good insulation
Large lithium ion transference number
Does not consume lithium ions
Stable within a wide voltage range
Chemically stable, electrochemically stable, reversible reaction, inexpensive, and safe

Separator
Good electrolyte wettability
Good insulation
Allows free passage of lithium ions
Does not consume lithium ions
Stable within a wide voltage range
Chemically stable, electrochemically stable, reversible reaction, inexpensive, and safe

Key Performance Parameters of Batteries
Capacity
Specific Capacity
Theoretical Capacity
Coulomb Efficiency
Voltage
Open-Circuit Voltage
Working Voltage
Cut-Off Voltage
Life
Cyclic Life
Shelf Life
Power
Rate
Energy / Specific Energy W = EQ

Capacity (Capacity): The amount of electricity that a battery can release, that is, the number of shuttling lithium ions.
Unit: C (Coulomb), Ah (finished battery), mAh (research)
1C = 1As = 0.278mAh

Specific Capacity (Specific Capacity): The amount of electricity that a battery of unit mass or volume can release.
Unit: mAh/g (research)
Theoretical Specific Capacity (Theoretical Capacity): Assuming that all lithium ions participate in the reaction, often simply referred to as theoretical capacity.

Lithium Batteries ,Ensure Quality

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