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Detailed explanation of the five major electric vehicle charging socket interface standards for electric vehicle charging stations

1. Combo

The Combo socket allows for slow and fast charging of electric vehicles, and is currently the most widely used socket type in Europe, including Audi, BMW, Chrysler, Daimler, Ford, General Motors, Porsche, and Volkswagen all equipped with charging interfaces developed by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).

On October 2, 2012, the revised draft of SAEJ1772, passed by members of the SAE related committee, became the only official DC charging standard in the world. The introduction of this standard is aimed at changing the current situation of mixed charging systems and enhancing consumer enthusiasm for purchasing electric vehicles. The core of the standard for DC fast charging based on the revised version of J1772 is ComboConnector.

The previous version of this standard (formulated in 2010) specified the specifications of the basic J1772 connector for AC charging, with lower charging levels (AC Level 1 for 120V, Level 2 for 240V). This basic connector has been widely used today and is compatible with Nissan Leaf, Chevrolet Volta, and Mitsubishi i-MiEV electric vehicles. The ComboConnector in the new version of the J1772 standard established in 2012 not only has all the original functions, but also has two additional pins, which can be used for DC fast charging, but it is not compatible with the old electric vehicles currently being produced.

Advantages: The biggest advantage of ComboConnector is that in the future, car manufacturers can adopt a socket on their new models, which is not only suitable for the first generation of smaller basic AC connectors, but also for the second generation of larger ComboConnector. The latter can provide both DC and AC currents, charging at two different speeds.

Disadvantage: In fast charging mode, the charging station needs to provide a maximum voltage of 500 volts and a current of 200 amperes.

2. CHAdeMO

CHAdeMO is the abbreviation for CHARgeMove, which is a CHAdeMO socket supported by Japanese companies such as Nissan and Mitsubishi Motors. CHAdeMO, translated from Japanese, means "charging time is as short as a tea break.". This DC fast charging socket can provide a maximum charging capacity of 50kw.

The electric vehicle models that support this charging standard include: Nissan Leaf, Mitsubishi Outlander plug-in hybrid, Citroen C-ZERO, Peugeot iON, Citroen Berlingo, Peugeot Partner, Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Mitsubishi MINICAB MiEV, Mitsubishi MINICAB MiEV truck, Honda Fit electric version, Mazda DEMIOEV, Subaru Stella plug-in hybrid, Nissan eEV200, etc. It should be noted that both Nissan Leaf and Mitsubishi i-MiEV electric vehicles have two different charging sockets, one of which is suitable for the basic J1772 connector, which is the Combo connector introduced in the first part; Another one is a connector suitable for the CHAdeMO standard in Japan.

The fast charging method adopted by CHAdeMO is shown in the figure, and the current is controlled by the CAN bus signal of the car. At the same time as monitoring the battery status, real-time calculation of the required charging current value is carried out, and notifications are sent to the charger through communication lines; The fast charger promptly receives current commands from the car and provides current according to the specified value.

By monitoring the battery condition and controlling the current in real-time through the battery management system, various functions required for fast and safe charging are fully realized, ensuring that charging is not limited by battery universality. In Japan, 1154 fast chargers installed according to the CHAdeMO standard are in use. In the United States, CHAdeMO charging stations have also been widely "cast a net". The latest data from the US Department of Energy shows that there are currently 1344 CHAdeMO exchange fast charging stations in the United States.

Advantages: In addition to the data control line, CHAdeMO also uses CAN bus as the communication interface. Due to its superior noise resistance and high error detection ability, communication stability and reliability are high. Its good charging safety record has been recognized by the industry.

Disadvantages: The initial designed charging output power of CHAdeMO was 100 kW, and the connector was very bulky, but the output power of the charging vehicle was only 50 kW.

3. Tesla

Tesla has its own charging standard, which claims to be able to fully charge and run over 300 kilometers in 30 minutes. Therefore, its charging socket can have a maximum capacity of 120kw and a maximum current of 80A.

Currently, Tesla has 908 super charging stations in the United States. In order to enter China, Tesla has also established 7 super charging stations, including 3 in Shanghai, 2 in Beijing, 1 in Hangzhou, and 1 in Shenzhen. In addition, in order to better integrate into various regions, Tesla plans to abandon control over charging standards and adopt national standards from various countries, which has already been implemented in China.

So the problem is, although Tesla's advantage in doing so is that Tesla owners can borrow the huge charging network established under the Chinese government's power to charge; Tesla increases product sales. The problem is, how do owners who have already purchased Tesla models charge after the standard changes. If there is no corresponding solution. The contradiction Tesla car owners face is: firstly, they can only charge at charging stations built before standard changes, and charging convenience will not improve over time; The second is to return the car to Tesla.

Advantages: Advanced technology and high charging efficiency.

Disadvantages: Contrary to national standards of various countries, it is difficult to increase sales without compromise; After compromise, the charging efficiency will be compromised, putting us in a dilemma.

4. CCS

In order to change the chaotic charging interface standards, the eight major American and German manufacturers Ford, General Motors, Chrysler, Audi, BMW, Mercedes Benz, Volkswagen, and Porsche released the "Joint Charging System" in 2012. Combined Charging System, also known as CCS standard.

The joint charging system can unify all current charging interfaces, so that one interface can complete four modes: single-phase AC charging, fast three-phase AC charging, household DC charging, and overspeed DC charging.

SAE has selected the joint charging system as its standard, and in addition to SAE, the Association of European Automobile Manufacturers (ACEA) has also announced the selection of the joint charging system as the DC/AC charging interface, which will be used for all plug-in electric vehicles sold in Europe since 2017. Since Germany and China unified the charging standards for electric vehicles last year, China has also joined the European and American camp, bringing unprecedented opportunities for the development of electric vehicles in China. Zhinuo 1E, Audi A3e-tron, BAIC E150EV, BMW i3, Tengshi, Volkswagen e-up, Changan Yidong EV, and SmartEV all belong to the "CCS" standard camp.

Advantages: BMW, Daimler, and Volkswagen, the three German car manufacturers, will increase their investment in electric vehicles in China, and CCS standards may be more favorable for China.

Disadvantages: Electric vehicles that support the CCS standard may have lower sales or are just starting to be released.

5. GB/T20234

China released the General Requirements for Plugs, Sockets, Vehicle Couplers, and Vehicle Jacks for Conduction Charging of Electric Vehicles (GB/T20234-2006) in 2006. This national standard specifies in detail the connection classification methods for charging currents of 16A, 32A, 250A AC, and 400A DC. It mainly draws on the standards proposed by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2003, but this standard does not specify the number of connection pins, physical dimensions, and interface definitions for charging interfaces. In 2011, China introduced the GB/T20234-2011 recommended standard, which replaced some of the content in GB/T20234-2006. It stipulated that the rated AC voltage should not exceed 690V, the frequency should be 50Hz, and the rated current should not exceed 250A; The rated DC voltage shall not exceed 1000V and the rated current shall not exceed 400A.

Advantages: Compared to the 2006 version of the national standard, more charging interface parameters have been calibrated in detail.

Disadvantage: The standards are still not perfect enough. In addition, it is only a recommended standard and is not mandatory.

Car companies around the world have gradually realized that "standards" are the key factor affecting the development prospects of electric vehicles. We have also seen that in recent years, global charging standards have gradually shifted from "diversification" to "centralization". But to truly achieve unified charging standards, in addition to interface standards, current communication standards are also needed. The former is related to whether the connectors match, while the latter affects whether the plugs can be powered on when inserted. The standardization of electric vehicle charging standards is still a long way to go, and car companies and governments around the world need to further "loosen their stance" in order for electric vehicles to have a future.

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