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Advantages and disadvantages of all vanadium flow batteries:
1. Wide range of applications
It can be applied in the wind power generation market, State Grid peak shaving, new energy electric vehicle power supply, UPS power supply and EpS emergency power supply, distribution, special batteries, and photovoltaic power generation.
2. The design concept is flexible and versatile, with good charging and discharging performance and high capacitance
The function of vanadium batteries is very flexible, and the power and capacity can be independently designed and conceptualized. The key to rated power lies in the fuel cell stack, which can be improved by changing the number of individual cells or the area of the electrodes. The key to volume is the amount of vanadium ions, which can be constructed based on the improved electrolyte volume and vanadium ion concentration.
3. The system can operate fully automatically in a closed manner, with low production and manufacturing costs, and is environmentally friendly and pollution-free
The battery has high adaptability to natural environments and is less affected by environmental temperature. When the environmental temperature is fully restored, the battery capacity can also be fully restored. The system can operate in a fully automated enclosed manner without causing organic gases or waste electrolytes.
4. Unlike lithium-ion batteries, which are prone to explosions, they have high safety
In terms of safety, it is high. Due to the presence of its active substance in the electrolyte, it does not cause any physical changes and can be deeply discharged without affecting the battery life. In addition, its reaction process does not cause gases such as H2, there is no risk of explosion, and there is no problem of short circuit faults.
5. High energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and long service life
Long lifespan. Strong deep discharge cycling performance, easy to fully recover capacity after over discharge and recharging, and ultra deep discharge does not cause irreversible damage to the battery
Disadvantages:
1. The cost of energy storage technology is too high, making it difficult to apply it on a large scale
The cost of energy storage technology for all vanadium flow batteries is relatively high. This poses difficulties for large-scale applications.
2. The technical production technology is not yet stable, and the leakage liquid technology has not been overcome
Vanadium flow batteries are also constrained by critical materials such as electrolytes and ion exchange membranes. The extent of progress ultimately depends on technology and the market.
Development prospects of all vanadium flow batteries
As a newcomer in the field of energy storage, why has all vanadium flow battery received so much attention? What is the future development prospect of all vanadium flow batteries? For this purpose, the reporter interviewed several industry insiders.
Significant advantages in safety and recyclability
The all vanadium flow battery utilizes the mutual conversion between vanadium ions in different valence states to achieve the process of charging and discharging by storing and releasing chemical energy. Unlike the mainstream batteries in current energy storage power stations, which use non-aqueous electrolytes such as lithium-ion batteries, the presence of electrolyte ions in aqueous solutions greatly reduces the possibility of overheating and explosion in all vanadium flow batteries. The safety performance of flow batteries makes them stand out in the field of batteries.
To be frank, lithium-ion batteries still face safety challenges. Explosion accidents caused by lithium-ion batteries are not only economic losses, but may also cause serious personal injury, "said Zhang Huamin, Director of the Energy Storage Technology Research Department at the Clean Energy National Laboratory of the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences." However, all vanadium batteries are aqueous solutions of dilute sulfuric acid and vanadium, and as long as they are managed properly, there is no risk of explosion
Beijing Puneng Century Technology Co., Ltd. has built all vanadium flow battery energy storage projects in many parts of the country. The company's Asia Pacific manager, Kuang Zhenren, told reporters, "Compared with lithium-ion batteries, the characteristics of all vanadium flow batteries are very prominent. The biggest feature is safety. All vanadium flow batteries can achieve megawatt and hundred megawatt levels, which is more suitable for lithium-ion batteries in the scale of electric vehicles, but they are not as safe as they become larger
Meanwhile, Zhang Huamin pointed out that another advantage of all vanadium flow batteries is that their electrolyte can be reused after being discarded and recycled. In recent years, with the expansion of the electric vehicle industry, a large number of scrapped lithium-ion batteries containing heavy metals such as nickel and cobalt require large-scale environmental recycling and treatment, which has become an urgent problem to be solved in the industry. The important factor in the charging and discharging of all vanadium flow batteries is the change in the valence state of vanadium ions. Zhang Huamin pointed out, "The electrolyte will not contain impurities or environmental pollutants during charging and discharging. After recycling and treatment, it still has value and is equivalent to a 'semi permanent' product that can preserve its value
It is worth mentioning that, in addition to advantages such as safety and recyclability, the life cycle of all vanadium flow batteries is relatively longer, and the current energy storage power stations can have a service life of about 15 years. The construction cost of all vanadium flow battery energy storage power plants is higher, but the cost per kilowatt hour may be lower than that of lithium-ion batteries, "said Kuang Zhenren.
The cost of raw materials is fluctuating
Although vanadium flow batteries have outstanding advantages, the raw material cost of vanadium, as a rare metal, is currently an important limiting factor for the development of vanadium flow batteries. It is understood that vanadium usually exists in the form of compounds in the Earth's crust, with important distribution areas being China, Russia, and South Africa. Among them, China's vanadium mineral resources account for about one-third of the global total. From the perspective of material mastery, vanadium, the key material of all vanadium flow batteries, has the advantage of being produced in mining areas in China, so it has development value, "said Lv Lishun, research manager of consulting firm EnergyTrend.
In fact, vanadium is also widely used, and its most important application is in the steel industry. As an alloying element of iron, it can improve the hardness of steel. As early as 2012, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the "Twelfth Five Year Plan for Comprehensive Utilization of Vanadium and Titanium Resources and Industrial Development", which proposed the requirements of improving resource utilization level and eliminating backward production.
The performance of vanadium in 2018 was very outstanding, and it once rose to 5-6 times the price in 2017, "said Kuang Zhenren. The reason for such a significant increase, according to industry insiders, is that in 2018, the country raised steel standards, resulting in a significant increase in demand for raw material vanadium; Secondly, due to the national environmental policy of "one size fits all", some vanadium mines have been shut down due to failure to meet environmental standards, resulting in a decrease in vanadium supply.
According to the reporter's understanding, the cost of vanadium electrolyte currently accounts for more than 60% of the cost of all vanadium flow battery energy storage power plants. "If vanadium prices can return to normal levels, it will be very important for cost reduction." However, the rise in vanadium prices has also driven the enthusiasm of vanadium mine developers. From the market perspective, vanadium supply has recently rebounded. Kuang Zhenren said, "Since the end of 2018, vanadium prices have already declined. It is predicted that vanadium prices will continue to decline in 2019, but the future still depends on the comprehensive performance of policies and the market
The formation of the industrial chain still requires time
According to data, the cost per kilowatt hour of vanadium flow batteries has significantly decreased in recent years. In 2015, the cost per kilowatt hour of vanadium flow battery energy storage power plants was about 4500 yuan. It is predicted that the cost of electricity is expected to decrease to 2000 yuan by 2020. With the decrease in battery costs and obvious technological advantages, how far is the all vanadium flow battery from large-scale development?
The research and development time of all vanadium flow batteries is relatively short, and the current support from the government for flow batteries is also relatively small. From the perspective of research funding and industry support, the government's investment in all vanadium flow batteries is far less than that in lithium-ion batteries. To form a complete industrial chain from materials to applications like lithium-ion batteries, it still takes time, "Zhang Huamin admitted.
In addition, the reporter learned that due to the solubility of vanadium in water, compared to lithium-ion batteries and another energy storage "hotspot" all solid state batteries, all vanadium flow batteries always have the disadvantage of low energy density. Electrolyte aqueous solutions result in relatively larger battery volumes and require complex piping systems, making flow batteries unsuitable for mobile devices such as electric vehicles and limited to fixed energy storage.
Although the application is still limited, many industry experts have expressed confidence in it. If investment is increased, there is still a lot of room for development in terms of performance and cost control for all vanadium flow batteries, and they are far from reaching the 'ceiling', "said Zhang Huamin. Lv Lishun also believes that in low or extremely high temperature environments, all vanadium flow batteries will be safer and more reliable than lithium-ion batteries and lead-acid batteries, and still have their own specific market demands.

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