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Lithium battery charging knowledge: Why do lithium batteries need constant voltage and constant current charging? Lithium ion batteries have achieved widespread success in consumer electronics, energy storage, and power due to their high energy density and excellent cycle life, and are increasingly entering the lives of ordinary consumers. Charging is the most common operation for consumers when using lithium-ion batteries, and the charging process has a significant impact on the lifespan characteristics of lithium-ion batteries. Today, let's explore why lithium-ion batteries need constant voltage and constant current charging.
Why do lithium batteries need constant voltage and constant current charging
The first stage of constant current and constant voltage charging is charged with a constant current; When the voltage reaches the predetermined value, it enters the second stage for constant voltage charging, and the current gradually decreases at this time; When the charging current drops to zero, the battery is fully charged. This is currently the most commonly used charging method for lithium batteries.
When a battery is charged to a constant voltage with constant current, the voltage at this time is not the true voltage of the battery. If voltage limiting is not carried out, the voltage of the battery will continue to rise, polarize internally, and eventually damage the battery structure, leading to battery failure or even explosion. As mentioned above, the battery has just reached a constant voltage and is not fully charged. In order to further charge the battery without damaging its performance, a constant voltage mode is adopted. As the charging capacity increases, the actual voltage of the battery will become closer to the set voltage. At this time, in order to maintain a constant voltage, the current value will gradually decrease.
Constant voltage charging is just one of the methods for charging lithium batteries, and there are many other methods that are not limited to constant voltage. The so-called constant voltage refers to providing a constant and unchanging charging voltage. When the battery consumes electricity, the voltage of the battery is relatively low, and the voltage difference with the charging voltage is large, resulting in a large charging current. As the charging process continues, the battery is charged with more and more electricity, and the voltage of the battery becomes higher and higher, resulting in a smaller voltage difference with the charging voltage and a smaller current that can be charged. Eventually, the voltage of the battery is equal to the charging voltage, and the current is zero.
Constant voltage and constant current power supply is a type of switching power supply, which differs from switching power supply in that it has two types of circuits: constant voltage and constant current. The output voltage and current can be continuously adjusted from 0 to the rated value, and the constant voltage and constant current working modes will automatically switch during actual operation; Lithium battery chargers are essentially constant voltage and constant current power sources, with a constant output current that does not vary with grid voltage and load. Most of them have circuits that constantly monitor battery voltage, effectively preventing overcharging.
How does a lithium battery charger achieve constant voltage charging?
Constant voltage charging of lithium batteries is just one stage in the charging process. When the battery is used up, the voltage at both ends of the battery is less than 4.2V, and the charging voltage is also less than 4.2V. After the battery voltage quickly rises to 4.2V, it remains at 4.2V for a long time for constant voltage charging. When the battery is almost fully charged, it automatically switches from constant voltage to constant current charging. The battery voltage slowly rises to around 5V, and the battery is fully charged. The charger switches to trickle charging, which will not damage the battery and can be charged for a long time. When the battery was just removed and the voltage was 5V, the voltage quickly dropped to 4.2V when the battery was first used, and it continued to drop until the battery was almost depleted. The instruction manual states that "the charging indicator light is off, and the battery can be kept in a recharged state without removing it." This is common in daily applications, such as emergency lights and cordless devices in public places, which are usually in a constant charging state.
Difference between constant current charging and constant voltage charging circuits
You can see the output voltage. Changing the load under two charging methods, the cross current charging current remains unchanged, but the voltage at both ends of the load will change; And the constant voltage charging voltage remains unchanged. The current constant current and constant voltage mode has high charging efficiency and minimal damage to the battery, making it a common charging method.
In constant voltage charging mode, the voltage output by the charger should meet the voltage demand value, and the output current should not exceed the current demand value; In constant current charging mode, the current output by the charger should meet the current demand value, and the output voltage should not exceed the voltage demand value.
In summary, it is possible to use a constant voltage and constant current power supply instead of a lithium battery charger to charge lithium batteries. Its main advantage lies in centralized charging of lithium batteries, such as charging multiple lithium batteries in series or parallel, which is convenient, fast, and time-saving

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