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How to Increase the Capacity of Lithium Batteries? Methods for Enlarging the Capacity of Lithium Batteries. The capacity of a lithium battery refers to the amount of electricity it can store. Capacity is a core parameter of lithium batteries, and lithium battery manufacturers generally use specialized equipment to conduct tests to ensure the quality of the products shipped is up to standard. Capacity is affected by the current at the output end, so the direct effect of paralleling is to increase the capacity of the lithium battery pack, and the capacity of a battery pack connected in this way tends to be relatively large.

What is the Capacity of a Lithium Battery?

Battery capacity is one of the important performance indicators for measuring the performance of lithium batteries. It represents the amount of electricity discharged by the battery under certain conditions (discharge rate, temperature, cut-off voltage, etc.) (discharge tests can be done using JS-150D), that is, the capacity of the battery, usually measured in ampere-hours. The capacity of lithium batteries is divided into actual capacity, theoretical capacity, and rated capacity according to different conditions. The calculation formula for battery capacity C is C = ∫t0It1dt, and batteries have positive and negative electrodes.

How to Increase the Capacity of Lithium Batteries?

Improve the Performance of Materials Contributing to the Capacity of Lithium Batteries: This mainly refers to the active materials of the positive and negative electrodes, which is the most direct way to increase the capacity density. The main directions include:

1. Use materials with greater performance: For example, lithium-rich materials, high-voltage ternary materials, high-voltage lithium cobaltate materials, binary materials, etc. for the positive electrode; soft carbon, hard carbon, silicon-tin-based compounds, etc. for the negative electrode.

2. Use positive and negative electrode materials with higher compaction density.

3. Use active materials with better adhesiveness and conductivity: This can reduce the content of binders and conductive agents in the coating, thereby increasing the capacity that can be exerted per unit mass of the coating; in addition, reducing the amount of binders and conductive agents can also improve the processing performance such as compaction of the active materials.

4. Use materials with less thickness rebound: After the lithium-ion battery is cycled, the thickness will rebound to a certain extent; the rebound thickness after cycling needs to be reserved during design; when materials with less thickness rebound are used, the reserved space for thickness rebound can be transferred to the designed thickness of the cell, thereby increasing the designed capacity of the cell.

5. Select a material system with better matching performance: When materials with poor matching are combined together, not only will the cycling performance of the lithium battery be reduced, but it may also affect the rate performance and even the performance per gram of the positive and negative electrodes; similarly, when the material matching is better, the performance such as performance per gram, cycling, and expansion rate may all be improved.

Methods for Enlarging the Capacity of Lithium Batteries

To enlarge the capacity of lithium batteries, the method of paralleling lithium batteries can be used. That is, by connecting the positive electrode of a lithium battery to the positive electrodes of other batteries and the negative electrode to the negative electrodes of other batteries, the capacity of the lithium battery can be increased without changing the output voltage of the battery pack; if the batteries are connected in series, the output voltage of the battery pack will increase while the capacity remains unchanged.

When adding the same number of lithium batteries, the following prerequisites need to be met:

1. If using 3.6/3.7V lithium batteries, the positive and negative electrodes of each battery need to be paralleled and welded to the original batteries, numbered one by one, corresponding exactly, and no mistakes are allowed because the internal existing battery equalization protection board needs to be utilized, which requires certain electrical knowledge, practical ability, and an understanding of the equalization protection board as well as anti-static measures.

2. There should be sufficient space, which needs to be calculated and measured by oneself.

3. It is necessary to clarify whether the used lithium battery is a single 3.6V lithium battery or a 3.2V lithium iron phosphate battery, and the two cannot be mixed.

Several Major Reasons for the Attenuation of Lithium Battery Capacity

Reason 1: Self-Discharge

The self-discharge of a lithium battery refers to the phenomenon of natural loss of electric capacity when the battery is in an unused state. The capacity loss caused by the self-discharge of lithium-ion batteries can be divided into two situations: one is reversible capacity loss; the other is irreversible capacity loss. Reversible capacity loss means that the lost capacity can be recovered during charging, while the irreversible capacity loss cannot be recovered. When self-discharge occurs for a long time or frequently, lithium ions will form certain deposits, increasing the degree of capacity imbalance between the two electrodes, thereby resulting in the loss of lithium battery capacity.

Reason 2: Decomposition of the Electrolyte

During the normal operation of a lithium battery, the electrolyte will undergo an oxidation reaction. After the oxidation reaction occurs, the concentration of the electrolyte will increase, resulting in a decrease in the stability of the electrolyte and ultimately causing the attenuation of the lithium battery capacity.

Reason 3: Overcharging

When a lithium battery is overcharged, it will lead to a reduction in discharge efficiency and capacity loss. During fast charging, when the current density is too large and the negative electrode is severely polarized, the deposition of lithium ions will be more obvious. In cases where the active material of the positive electrode is in excess relative to that of the negative electrode, this reaction will often be intensified. However, even when the proportion of the active materials of the positive and negative electrodes is normal under high charging rates, the deposition of metallic lithium may also occur.

The above are the methods for increasing the capacity of lithium batteries. The capacities of different types of rechargeable batteries are different. The capacity of lithium batteries is divided into the capacity of the lithium battery cell and the capacity of the finished lithium battery. The capacity of an 18650 lithium battery cell is generally 1000 - 2800 mAh, while the capacity of a finished lithium battery ranges from several hundred milliampere-hours to several tens of ampere-hours.

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