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What impacts will the low-temperature environment have on the charging of lithium-ion batteries? The working temperature range of conventional lithium-ion batteries is -20°C to 60°C. Low-temperature lithium-ion batteries made of special materials can discharge in extremely cold environments of -40°C. However, their voltage and capacity will decrease. The reasons why lithium batteries are prohibited from being charged at low temperatures may lead to irreversible damage, accelerate the deposition of metallic lithium, and puncture the separator.

Lithium-ion batteries achieve energy storage and discharge through the migration of Li+ between the positive and negative electrodes. However, the migration of Li+ between the positive and negative electrodes is greatly affected by temperature. Especially at low temperatures, due to the deterioration of the kinetic conditions of the positive and negative electrodes, as well as the increase in the viscosity of the electrolyte and the decrease in conductivity, the performance of lithium-ion batteries will decline sharply, resulting in the inability of lithium-ion batteries to discharge at low temperatures. More seriously, charging at low temperatures is extremely likely to cause lithium plating on the negative electrode, which will not only cause a rapid decline in battery capacity but also pose serious safety hazards.

Low-temperature lithium-ion batteries have been widely used due to their advantages such as light weight, high specific energy, and long service life. Low-temperature lithium batteries are made of special materials and processes and are suitable for use in sub-zero cold environments. Generally, they are required to work normally in an environment of about -40°C, with a discharge capacity retention rate of more than 80% and a minimum working temperature that can reach -50°C.

Low-temperature charging batteries
Ternary and lithium iron phosphate systems
-20°C low temperature, 0.5C charging, and more than 300 charge-discharge cycles;
-40°C low temperature, 0.2C charging, and more than 300 charge-discharge cycles.

Low-temperature discharging batteries
Ternary and lithium iron phosphate systems
-40°C high-rate 5C continuous discharging, with a capacity retention rate of more than 80%;
-50°C low-temperature discharging, with a capacity retention rate of more than 75%.

What impacts will the low-temperature environment have on the charging of lithium-ion batteries?

Charging lithium-ion batteries in a low-temperature environment poses certain risks. Because as the temperature decreases, the kinetic characteristics of the graphite negative electrode further deteriorate. During the charging process, the electrochemical polarization of the negative electrode is significantly intensified, and the precipitated metallic lithium is prone to form lithium dendrites, which can puncture the separator and cause a short circuit between the positive and negative electrodes. Try to avoid charging lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures.

Due to low temperatures, the lithium-ion batteries nested on the negative electrode will produce ionic crystals, which will directly puncture the separator. Under normal circumstances, this will cause a micro short circuit, affecting the service life and performance, and in severe cases, it may even explode!

According to the research of experts: If lithium batteries are used in a low-temperature environment for a short period of time or when the temperature is not low enough, it will only temporarily affect the battery capacity of lithium-ion batteries but will not cause permanent damage. However, if they are used in a low-temperature environment for a long period of time or in an ultra-low temperature environment of -40°C, lithium-ion batteries may be "frozen and damaged", causing permanent harm.

There are problems such as low capacity, severe attenuation, poor cycle rate performance, obvious lithium plating phenomenon, and unbalanced lithium intercalation and deintercalation when lithium-ion batteries are used at low temperatures. However, with the continuous expansion of application fields, the constraints brought about by the poor low-temperature performance of lithium-ion batteries have become more and more obvious. In fields such as special aerospace, special equipment, and electric vehicles, it is required that the batteries can work normally at -40°C. Therefore, improving the low-temperature properties of lithium-ion batteries is of great significance.

For lithium batteries, there is currently no clear theoretical support within the industry for the inevitable connections between internal resistance, discharge platform, service life, capacity, etc. under different temperature performances. The relevant calculation formulas and mathematical models are still in the exploratory stage. Generally speaking, lithium batteries are not sensitive to the temperature range of 0 - 40°C. However, once the temperature exceeds this range, the service life and capacity will be discounted.

The low-temperature performance of lithium batteries made of different materials also varies. Currently, the hottest lithium iron phosphate has the worst low-temperature performance. Our products can release 89% of the maximum capacity at -10°C, which should be relatively high in the industry; the released capacity can reach 95% at 55°C, and the attenuation relative to low temperatures is still relatively small.

When charging lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures, metallic lithium will be precipitated on the surface of the battery anode, and this process is irreversible. This will cause permanent damage to the battery and reduce the safety of lithium batteries.

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