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The harm of waste batteries has become one of the hot topics in domestic media in the past two years, and the impact of waste batteries on the environment. Some reports claim that batteries cause serious environmental pollution, with one battery capable of polluting hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of water. Some even say that disposing of waste batteries with household waste can cause hazards such as Minamata disease in Japan. These reports have caused a great response in society, and many environmentally friendly individuals and groups have launched or participated in activities to recycle waste batteries.

Professor Nie Yongfeng, a doctoral supervisor in the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering at Tsinghua University, led a research team to investigate the hazards and treatment of waste batteries. He introduced that there have been many reports in recent years about the harm that waste batteries bring to the environment, but unfortunately, these reports have not explained to readers or audiences the scientific research content that supports their conclusions, have not introduced the analysis and reasoning process to readers, and have not listed actual cases of pollution caused by dry batteries, only the conclusion of "serious pollution".

Professor Nie introduced that battery products can be divided into three categories: primary dry batteries (ordinary dry batteries), secondary dry batteries (rechargeable batteries, mainly used for mobile phones and computers), and lead-acid batteries (mainly used for automobiles). The most widely used, concerned, and reported type is ordinary dry batteries. The batteries mentioned below all refer to ordinary dry batteries. Batteries mainly contain iron, zinc, manganese, etc., in addition to trace amounts of mercury, which is toxic. It is inaccurate to report that batteries contain substances such as mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, etc. In fact, ordinary dry batteries used by the public in daily production do not require the addition of substances such as cadmium, lead, arsenic, etc. Mercury in waste batteries does not pose a threat to the environment. Mercury has a low volatilization temperature and is a highly toxic heavy metal. In many places, soil also contains trace amounts of mercury. During the process of mercury mining, extraction, and processing of mercury containing products, if the sealing measures are not complete enough, the mercury (vapor) released into the air has a significant impact on the health of operators.

Although mercury is present in batteries, its content is very low as it is an additive. Even for high mercury batteries, the mercury content is generally within one thousandth of the battery weight. The annual mercury consumption in China's battery industry is roughly equivalent to the mercury content in the wastewater discharged by a mercury based polyvinyl chloride, mercury based gold refining, or high mercury lead-zinc mining enterprise. Due to the large consumption area of batteries, the impact of mercury containing waste batteries entering the household waste treatment system on the environment is much smaller than the impact caused by the discharge of mercury containing wastewater from a chemical enterprise mentioned above. Moreover, the batteries use stainless steel or carbon steel as the outer sheath, effectively preventing mercury leakage. Therefore, the scattered disposal of waste batteries in household waste poses minimal harm and objectively cannot cause harm such as Minamata disease.

Minamata disease in Japan is caused by chemical companies discharging large amounts of mercury containing wastewater into a river for decades, leading to the gradual accumulation of mercury in downstream water systems. Mercury containing batteries are being replaced by mercury free batteries. Of course, mercury containing waste batteries have negative impacts on the environment, even if they are minor. Therefore, at the end of 1997, nine departments including the State Economic and Trade Commission and the China Light Industry Association jointly issued the "Regulations on Restricting Mercury Content in Batteries", drawing on the experience of developed countries and requiring domestic battery manufacturing enterprises to gradually reduce mercury content in batteries. In 2002, batteries sold domestically should reach low mercury levels, and in 2006, they should reach mercury free levels. From the actual progress, the domestic battery manufacturing industry is gradually reducing the mercury content of batteries in accordance with the requirements of the regulations. According to data provided by the China Battery Industry Association, China's annual battery production is 18 billion units, with exports of about 10 billion units and domestic consumption of about 8 billion units, which has basically reached the low mercury standard (mercury content less than 0.025% of battery weight). About 2 billion of them meet the mercury free standard (mercury content less than 0.001% of battery weight).

Professor Nie emphasized that there have been no reports or scientific research materials on the serious pollution caused by waste batteries at home and abroad so far. The claim that waste batteries pollute the environment lacks scientific basis and misleads the public. Improper centralized recycling and disposal of waste batteries can cause pollution. Is it feasible to build a professional factory in China that can process waste batteries in bulk, as called for in some reports?

Peng Defu, an engineer from the Solid State Department of the Pollution Control Department of the State Environmental Protection Administration, introduced that building a waste battery recycling and treatment plant requires an investment of over 10 million yuan, and at least 4000 tons of waste batteries need to be recycled annually before the factory can operate. In fact, it is very difficult to recycle such a large amount of waste batteries. Taking the capital city of Beijing as an example, with strong promotion and encouragement, it took only 3 years to recycle over 200 tons.

In the environmental model city of Hangzhou, the recycling rate of waste batteries is only 10%. It is reported that the two factories that have been built in Switzerland and Japan for processing and utilizing waste batteries are often in a state of shutdown due to lack of food. This forces us to carefully consider the issue of investing in building a recycling plant. Peng Defu also introduced that another way to deal with these centrally stored waste batteries is to follow the hazardous waste disposal method of centralized landfill or storage, but this method requires a cost of three to four thousand yuan per ton and faces the problem of no funding.

It is reported that a small enterprise in Sichuan Province, under the banner of "environmental protection", used elementary school students to help them break open the collected waste batteries with hammers on Saturdays and Sundays, recycle valuable battery shells as scrap iron, and dispose of the residue at will. Waste batteries do not pose a threat to the environment, and it is important to note that the battery is wrapped in a stainless steel or carbon steel outer sheath, effectively preventing mercury leakage. Smashing open the stainless steel or carbon steel outer sheath of the waste battery can easily lead to the leakage of mercury, resulting in harmful substances in the battery polluting the environment and harming the health of students. This is absolutely not allowed and must be strictly prohibited.

The production of lithium batteries requires the use of lithium cobalt oxide, copper, aluminum, nickel, etc., so if discarded casually, it may still have a certain impact on the environment

In addition, there is also the electrolyte used in lithium batteries, which mainly consists of dimethyl sulfate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and ethylene carbonate (EC). During the production process, some organic waste gases evaporate

Overall, lithium batteries have little impact on the environment. Regardless of production, use, or disposal, they do not contain or produce any toxic or harmful heavy metal elements or substances such as lead, mercury, cadmium, etc

Moreover, the Comprehensive Prevention Plan for Heavy Metal Pollution in the Battery Industry now encourages the development of mercury free zinc manganese batteries, lithium primary batteries, nickel hydrogen batteries, lithium-ion batteries, new lead-acid batteries, and super batteries

Scientific investigations have shown that a button battery discarded into nature can pollute 600000 liters of water, equivalent to a person's lifetime water consumption, and China consumes 7 billion such batteries annually.

It is understood that 96% of the batteries produced in China are zinc manganese batteries and alkaline manganese batteries, which are mainly composed of heavy metals such as manganese, mercury, and zinc. Whether in the atmosphere or deeply buried underground, the heavy metal components of waste batteries will overflow with the leachate, causing pollution of groundwater and soil, and over time, seriously endangering human health. In 1998, mercury, cadmium, zinc, lead, and chromium were designated as hazardous wastes in the National Hazardous Waste List.

Regarding the pollution caused by waste batteries:

Waste batteries refer to batteries that have been used and discarded. The impact of waste batteries on the environment and their disposal methods are still controversial. Many people believe that waste batteries pose a serious threat to the environment and should be centrally recycled.

According to officials from the State Environmental Protection Administration, waste batteries do not need to be centrally recycled. Previous reports on the harm of waste batteries to the environment lacked scientific basis, which to some extent misled the public.

The calculation result of polluting 600000 liters of water is based on the assumption that all heavy metals in button batteries are dissolved in water and evenly distributed in the water. However, in reality, it is very difficult for heavy metals to dissolve in water, let alone be evenly distributed in the water. The actual pollution that may be caused is far less than the theoretical maximum value calculated.

The main components of lithium batteries are as follows: positive electrode powder, negative electrode powder, conductive agent powder, binder powder, organic dispersion solvent, electrolyte, separator, copper current collector, and aluminum current collector.

Positive electrode powder: Currently, LiCoO2 is commonly used, in which cobalt is a toxic metal substance; So when in contact, be careful not to inhale into the respiratory tract, and do not enter after contact with hands or other parts.

Negative electrode powder: mainly graphite, toxicologically speaking, this material is non-toxic. However, it is still important to pay attention to dust protection.

Conductive agent: mainly carbon material, non-toxic, but the particles are finer than graphite, especially be careful not to inhale.

Organic dispersant: mainly used for electrode slurry preparation, it is a toxic organic solvent and should not be inhaled or directly contacted.

Electrolyte: It is the most toxic and corrosive component in lithium batteries, and should not be touched or inhaled.

As for the winding process you mentioned, the main materials that can be touched are positive electrode powder, negative electrode powder, and conductive agent. Generally, as long as they are not directly inhaled, they should not be ingested after being touched by hands or other parts.

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