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Balanced charging method for lithium-ion battery pack

In the case where the production and storage time of lithium-ion battery packs is relatively long, due to the different static power consumption of the protection board and the different self discharge rates of each cell, the voltage of each string of batteries in the entire battery pack is inconsistent. Balance has the function of balancing the voltage of lithium-ion battery packs, which can achieve the full charge and full discharge of the battery pack capacity and maximize the effectiveness of the battery pack.

The commonly used balanced charging techniques for lithium-ion battery packs include constant shunt resistance balanced charging, on-off shunt resistance balanced charging, average battery voltage balanced charging, switched capacitor balanced charging, buck converter balanced charging, inductor balanced charging, etc. When charging a group of lithium-ion batteries in series, it is necessary to ensure that each battery is charged evenly, otherwise it will affect the performance and lifespan of the entire battery pack during use.

1. Attach a parallel balancing circuit to each individual cell of the lithium-ion battery pack to achieve the purpose of current splitting. In this mode, when a battery reaches full charge first, the balancing device can prevent it from overcharging and convert excess energy into heat energy to continue charging the battery that is not fully charged. This method is simple, but it may cause energy loss and is not suitable for fast charging systems.

2. Before charging, discharge each individual cell one by one through the same load to the same level, and then perform constant current charging to ensure a more accurate balance between each cell. However, for battery packs, due to physical differences between individuals, it is difficult to achieve completely consistent ideal results after deep discharge of each individual cell. Even if the same effect is achieved after discharge, new imbalances may still occur during the charging process.

3. Timely, sequentially, and individually test and uniformly charge the individual cells in the lithium-ion battery pack. When charging a lithium-ion battery pack, it can be ensured that each lithium-ion battery in the pack will not experience overcharging or overdischarging, thus ensuring that each battery in the lithium-ion battery pack is in normal working condition.

4. Using the time-sharing principle, additional current is controlled and switched through switch components to flow into batteries with relatively low voltage, in order to achieve balanced charging. This method is relatively efficient, but the control is complex.

5. Using the voltage parameters of each battery as the balancing object, restore the voltage of each battery to be consistent. During balanced charging, the capacitor is alternately connected to two adjacent batteries through a control switch, receiving charging from the high-voltage battery and discharging from the low-voltage battery until the voltages of the two batteries converge. This balancing method effectively solves the problem of voltage imbalance in battery packs, but it is important for situations where the number of batteries is small.

6. The entire system is controlled by a microcontroller, and each individual battery has an independent set of modules. The module manages the charging of each individual battery according to the set program, and automatically disconnects after charging is completed. This method is relatively simple, but when there are many individual cells, it will significantly increase the cost and is not conducive to reducing the system volume.

Principle of Charging Balance for Lithium ion Battery Pack

The number of protection chips for a single lithium-ion battery is determined based on the number of batteries in the lithium-ion battery pack, and they are used in series to protect the corresponding single lithium-ion battery from charging, discharging, overcurrent, and short-circuit states. This system achieves balanced charging by controlling the switching devices of the shunt discharge branch through the protection chip while providing charging protection. This method is different from the traditional approach of achieving balanced charging at the charger end and reduces the cost of designing and applying lithium-ion battery chargers.

A lithium-ion battery pack is composed of multiple individual lithium-ion batteries connected in series. Due to the differences in the individual cells, inconsistent voltage rise during series charging can result in overcharging of some cells and undercharging of others. During balanced charging, all batteries are connected in parallel, while during regular charging and power consumption, they are connected in series. During balanced charging, all batteries are connected in parallel with equal voltage, achieving forced balancing of each battery.

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