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The battery system grouping technology is a constantly evolving process, from early lead-acid battery packs to the current mainstream lithium battery packs; From individual applications to multiple group applications; From consumer electronics products to power lithium battery systems, battery grouping technology is constantly developing with the widespread application of batteries. At the same time, researchers from various countries have been constantly exploring and seeking the ultimate solution for lithium-ion battery grouping technology - high current active balancing technology. (This article is based on our research results on ternary battery grouping technology over the years, and the batteries mentioned in the article specifically refer to ternary batteries.)

1. The evolution of group technology from lead-acid batteries to lithium batteries

Let's review the grouping technology of low-speed vehicles powered by traditional lead-acid batteries. The usual method is to stack multiple batteries in a metal box, connect the batteries, and then lead out the power positive and negative electrode interfaces. The entire battery pack is completed.

Can the grouping technology of lithium batteries refer to the grouping method of lead-acid batteries?

We understand that lithium batteries cannot be overcharged or over discharged; When charging, it must work within an allowed temperature range, and when discharging, it must also work within an allowed temperature range.

Obviously, the grouping technology of lithium batteries cannot adopt the grouping method of lead-acid batteries, or in other words, the grouping of lithium batteries must meet certain conditions.

2. The evolution of group technology from individual consumer electronics to high-capacity battery systems

Due to the rapid development of lithium battery technology and the improvement of individual performance and safety, the application field of lithium batteries has shifted from small capacity consumer electronics products to large capacity energy storage systems and power lithium battery systems.

How to manage the battery system well has become a prerequisite for the widespread application of lithium batteries, and the group technology of lithium batteries has emerged from this. The part responsible for battery management (BMS) is a new technology that ensures that the working conditions meet the characteristics of lithium batteries, and more importantly, ensures the safety of the battery system.

In lithium battery group technology, the most important is BMS, which is the "brain" of the battery system. It is like a "steward", taking care of all the work, from monitoring the physical variables of each level of battery, environmental temperature, to system level battery pack performance estimation, online diagnosis and warning, charging, discharging and pre charging control, hot/cold management, etc.

High current active balancing technology is the most core technology in BMS, which aims to solve the problem of battery system attenuation during use, ensuring stable and predictable range. Obviously, this is a matter that users can personally experience and make objective evaluations of, and the real range is the way to win users.

3. High current active balancing technology is the ultimate solution for battery grouping technology

In the development process of lithium battery group technology, the basic technology of BMS (including battery monitoring technology and system control strategy) has become very mature and can meet the basic requirements of lithium battery systems.

However, the problem of battery system degradation has not been solved. The existing method is to increase the capacity of the battery system in order to ensure a certain range, and the increase in battery capacity will cause the car to increase again, which in turn affects the range. This is the so-called "big horse pulling small car" method.

Obviously, the solution to battery system degradation is very clear. The input and output efficiency of the battery system should be improved, rather than adding new battery capacity. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that the input and output efficiency remain stable at a high level to ensure stable and predictable range.

This strategy means that the battery system must intervene in the consistency of the batteries during use to prevent consistency loss, and ensure the consistency of the batteries in the battery system through high current active balancing technology to prevent consistency loss. This is why high current active balancing technology is known as the "pearl" of BMS systems.

4. High current active balancing technology seems to be becoming a "black hole" in technological innovation

The high current active balancing technology involves two key areas: one is the selection of electric energy carriers, and the other is the control technology for electric energy transfer.

Related companies and many universities around the world have conducted in-depth research on commonly used energy carriers (including capacitors and supercapacitors, inductors and transformers) and energy transfer methods (such as DC/DC), but there has been no breakthrough progress.

In terms of technical shortcomings, it is difficult to achieve high current transfer, the physical size of the power carrier is too large, the connection is complex, and stability cannot be guaranteed; The disadvantages in terms of productization are high costs, and the cost of improving efficiency far exceeds the cost of adding new battery capacity.

Electric energy transfer control technology is the most difficult part among all technologies, and the important reasons are:

During the use of batteries, the degradation of battery consistency is random and is related to many factors, including production consistency, usage environment, charging and discharging intensity, instantaneous discharge, etc; At the same time, the path of energy transfer is also random, and the balancing control system is very complex, requiring high adaptability and flexibility. The complexity of high current active balancing technology is self-evident.

As a global technical challenge, active balancing of high current has been studied by industry and academia in various countries for many years and has invested huge funds. So far, there has been no technological breakthrough achieved internationally, let alone any commercialization process. All investments seem to have fallen into a 'black hole', and there is no hope for any technological breakthrough, which is very frustrating.

Disruptive innovative technologies have emerged

The innovation of active balancing technology faces insurmountable difficulties, and the "black hole" phenomenon caused by a large amount of research and development investment has led many companies to give up the possibility of continuing research and development.

In terms of technological development direction, R&D personnel in the industry cannot abandon the existing active balancing technology foundation, which means that disruptive innovative technologies cannot emerge. This is also one of the reasons why active balancing technology has not broken through for many years.

A very interesting phenomenon is that disruptive innovative technologies may originate from cross industry players or appear in small innovative companies, especially researchers focused on very narrow technical fields. The breakthrough of high current active balancing technology is also a reproduction of this phenomenon, and once again verifies that disruptive innovative technologies must come from unconstrained innovators.

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