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According to reports, a recent study conducted by Stanford University in the United States on the behavior of tiny particles in lithium-ion battery electrodes showed that the damage to the battery caused by fast charging and then using it for high-power rapid power consumption may not be as bad as researchers expected, and the benefits of slow charging and power consumption may also be exaggerated. This research result challenges the prevailing view that "supercharging" batteries require higher electrode requirements than slow charging, "said researchers from Stanford University and the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory of the US Department of Energy. They also suggest that scientists may be able to modify battery electrodes or change charging methods to improve the unified charging and discharging process, thereby extending battery life.

The details of the chemical processes that occur in the electrodes during charging and discharging are just one of the many factors that determine battery life, but this factor was not fully understood before this study, "said William Chueh, senior author of the study, assistant professor at Stanford University's School of Materials Science and Engineering, and SIMES. We have discovered a new perspective for studying battery aging. These research results can be directly applied to the oxide and graphite electrodes used in many modern commercial lithium-ion batteries.

This study was published in the September 14th issue of the journal Nature Materials. The research team also includes research collaborators from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States, Sandia National Laboratory in the United States, Samsung Advanced Technology Institute in South Korea, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in the United States.

Observe the ions in the battery cell

One important reason for battery loss is the expansion and contraction of the positive and negative electrodes during the charging and discharging process, as they absorb and release ions from the electrolyte. In this study, scientists investigated a positive electrode composed of billions of lithium iron phosphate nanoparticles. If most or all ions are actively involved in the charging and discharging processes, they will relatively uniformly absorb and release ions. But if only a small number of particles absorb all the ions, they are more likely to rupture and damage, reducing the lifespan of the battery.

There are conflicting views regarding the characteristics and behavior of nanoparticles compared to previous research. To further investigate the truth, researchers created small coin cells that were charged for different durations using different currents, and then quickly separated and rinsed the components to prevent the charging/discharging process. Subsequently, scientists cut the electrodes into very thin pieces and sent them to Berkeley National Laboratory for testing using the dense X-ray setup of the advanced light source synchrotron.

New insights into rapid discharge

We can study thousands of electrode nanoparticles at once and take snapshots of different stages of charging and discharging processes, "said Yiyang Li, the lead author of the study and a graduate student at Stanford University. This study is the first comprehensive investigation of the charging and discharging process under different charging and discharging conditions

By utilizing a mature model developed by MIT to analyze data, researchers found that only a small portion of nanoparticles absorb and release ions during the charging process, even though this process occurs very rapidly. But when the battery discharges, something interesting happens: as the discharge rate increases beyond a certain limit, more and more particles begin to synchronously absorb ions, transforming into a more uniform and less damaging pattern. This suggests that scientists may be able to distort electrode materials or this process to ensure longer battery life or faster charging and discharging rates.

According to Li, the next step is to run the battery electrodes in hundreds or even thousands of cycles to simulate real-world situations. Scientists hope to capture snapshots of batteries during charging and discharging processes, rather than interrupting the process and separating battery components. This should lead to more realistic insights, and this process can be carried out in synchrotron accelerators such as ALS or SLAC Stanford synchrotron radiation sources. Li also stated that the research team is currently working closely with the industry to investigate how these findings will be applied to the fields of transportation and consumer electronics.

This study received funding support from the Global Innovation Expansion Project of Samsung Top Technology Research Institute in South Korea, Stanford Engineering School and Prescott School of Energy, the Materials Design Project for Samsung MIT Energy Applications, and the US Department of Energy.

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