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1. Lithium iron phosphate battery: refers to a lithium-ion battery that uses lithium iron phosphate as the positive electrode material. The positive electrode materials of lithium-ion batteries mainly include lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel oxide, ternary materials, lithium iron phosphate, etc. Lithium cobalt oxide is currently the cathode material used by the vast majority of lithium-ion batteries.

2. Ternary polymer lithium battery: refers to a lithium battery that uses lithium nickel cobalt manganese ternary cathode materials as the positive electrode material. There are many types of positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries, mainly lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel oxide, ternary materials, lithium iron phosphate, etc.

1、 Lithium iron phosphate battery

Lithium iron phosphate battery: refers to a lithium-ion battery that uses lithium iron phosphate as the positive electrode material. Its characteristic is the absence of precious elements such as cobalt, low raw material prices, and abundant resources of phosphorus and iron on Earth, without any supply issues. Its working voltage is moderate (3.2V), with a large capacity per unit weight (170mAh/g), high discharge power, fast charging capability, and long cycle life. It has high stability in high temperature and high heat environments.

advantage:

Compared to the commonly used lithium cobalt oxide and lithium manganese oxide batteries on the market, lithium iron phosphate batteries have at least the following five advantages: higher safety, longer service life, no heavy metals and rare metals (low raw material cost), support for fast charging, and a wide range of working temperatures.

Disadvantages:

Lithium iron phosphate has some performance defects, such as low vibration density and compaction density, resulting in lower energy density of lithium-ion batteries; The preparation cost of materials is relatively high compared to the manufacturing cost of batteries, resulting in low battery yield and poor consistency; Poor product consistency; Intellectual property issues.

2、 Ternary lithium battery

Triple polymer lithium battery: A lithium battery with a nickel cobalt manganese oxide (Li (NiCoMn) O2) ternary cathode material as the positive electrode material. According to Ouyang Minggao from Tsinghua University, the "ternary" material referred to in this survey refers to the commonly referred to "ternary power battery" where the positive electrode is ternary and the negative electrode is graphite. In practical research and development applications, there is also a type of ternary material with a positive electrode and a negative electrode made of lithium titanate, commonly referred to as "lithium titanate". Its performance is relatively safe, and its lifespan is relatively long, which is not commonly referred to as a "ternary material"

advantage:

Ternary lithium batteries have high energy density and better cycling performance than normal lithium cobalt oxide. At present, with the continuous improvement of formula and structural perfection, the nominal voltage of the battery has reached 3.7V, and its capacity has reached or exceeded the level of lithium cobalt oxide batteries.

Disadvantages:

The main types of ternary material power lithium batteries include nickel cobalt aluminum oxide lithium batteries, nickel cobalt manganese oxide lithium batteries, etc. Due to the unstable high-temperature structure of nickel cobalt aluminum, its high-temperature safety is poor, and a high pH value can easily cause monomer swelling, leading to danger. Currently, the cost is relatively high.

Summary: In comparison, ternary polymer lithium batteries do have better characteristics than lithium iron phosphate batteries. However, with the development of new energy, they have been hindered. Overall, ternary polymer lithium batteries are better.

The battery cells are mainly divided into lithium iron phosphate and manganese series (containing cobalt lithium, ternary materials, etc.) according to their materials.

The nominal voltage of lithium iron is 3.2-3.3V, while that of manganese is 3.6-3.7V, which is the most obvious difference.

Advantages of iron lithium system: long theoretical life and excellent theoretical resistance to overcharging and discharging

The advantages of a ternary system include high energy density, good low-temperature performance, small volume, and good discharge linearity.

The disadvantages of lithium iron include large volume, heavy weight, poor discharge linearity, and poor low-temperature performance.

Disadvantages of ternary systems: slightly poorer cycle life and poorer life under high temperature conditions.

Many articles introducing lithium iron mention that the cycle life is at least 1500 cycles, and 2000-3000 cycles are also common. If that's the case, then the advantages of lithium iron are indeed very significant, but there is a significant difference between reality and theory. I have worked on an iron lithium battery cell produced by a large domestic factory, with an actual lifespan of about 100 cycles, which is barely comparable to lead-acid. In theory, this type has a lifespan of 2000, but in reality, it is only 1/20. Of course, this type is relatively inferior and not representative. Based on several years of usage experience, iron lithium with good quality will have a slight advantage in lifespan, but the advantage is very weak, and there is still a significant difference from the theoretical indicators, reaching a negligible level.

So, if choosing iron lithium based on lifespan considerations, it is basically unreliable!

Low temperature performance.

The low-temperature performance of lithium iron is a disadvantage. In the Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions, the performance of lithium iron is about 75% of that in summer at temperatures of 0-5 degrees Celsius in winter, and even lower under high-power and high current conditions. At the same temperature, the ternary battery is about 90% lower than that in summer, with a decrease, but it is not yet significant. Regions closer to the north will experience a slightly greater decline. Customers from different regions must consider this when choosing lithium battery materials.

Discharge linearity.

Simply put, discharge linearity is the relationship between residual electricity and voltage.

Due to the material characteristics, lithium iron has high voltage, platform, and low voltage discharge zones. In both the high and low voltage areas, the voltage drops very quickly, and in the platform area, the drop is very full. The final performance is that it is filled with lithium iron. Starting a few hundred meters, it will drop several volts of virtual electricity, and then enter a platform area where the voltage drops very slowly. After releasing about 80-90% of the stored energy, it will enter the low-voltage area. On the positive side, this discharge characteristic is characterized by a very gentle voltage in the main discharge interval. On the negative side, it is difficult for users to determine the amount of remaining electricity based on voltage display data, and if not, they may have to push the cart.

Overcharging and discharging performance.

One major advantage (theory) of lithium iron is its resistance to overcharging and discharging. Generally speaking, lithium iron is not dangerous to overcharge to 5V for a short period of time. If excess electricity is released immediately, it will not have a significant impact on performance. And manganese based batteries will already have obvious overcharging reactions at 5V, which will cause serious damage to the battery cells.

In the over discharge state, iron lithium can return to normal at 0V (performance may slightly decrease), and the ternary system is scrapped when it is over discharged at 0V.

Based on the literal understanding above, lithium iron has better overcharging and discharging performance.

In fact, due to the steep charging and discharging curves in the high and low voltage regions of iron lithium, even weak charges can cause significant changes in voltage. The actual expression will be exactly opposite to the literal meaning.

For example, if iron lithium and ternary battery cells of the same capacity are connected in series for overcharging testing under fully charged conditions, the voltage of iron lithium will rise very quickly and be scrapped earlier than that of manganese batteries; The same goes for over discharge testing. If it is a single cell, the minimum limit for over discharge is 0V. In actual battery packs, over discharge at 0V will not stop, and the battery cells will quickly become negative pressure, leading to scrap.

Volume.

The volume of lithium iron is naturally inferior. Under the same size conditions, lithium iron can hold up to 10AH, while ternary systems typically can hold up to 15AH or more. This has a significant difference for high-power electric motorcycles currently available.

Taking the Piaoqi model as an example, installing a lithium iron battery is generally around 72V80AH. To install a 100AH battery, significant modifications need to be made. Switching to a ternary battery, installing a 150AH battery is relatively simple, and it is not difficult to install a 200AH battery. For customers who require long-distance and high current discharge, the disadvantage of lithium iron is very significant. Both in terms of discharge output current and range, there is not a slight difference.

Actual lifespan.

If the quality of iron and lithium is relatively good, the decay rate can be controlled within 5% in one year and within 15% in the second year. The ternary type has a decrease of 7-10% in one year and 20-25% in two years. Of course, it also depends on the usage load and frequency, and this is just a rough description.

Taking into account various factors, the usage characteristics of iron lithium can be roughly described as: relatively large size, poor low-temperature performance, and can maintain a relatively gentle decay rate during its lifespan, which is generally acceptable for about 5 years; The characteristics of the ternary system are: small size, capable of accommodating larger capacities, minimal performance degradation in winter, larger initial capacity, significant mileage advantage over lithium iron, and a significant decrease in lifespan in the later stages, typically around 3 years.

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