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The lithium air battery model developed by researchers of Battery Alliance Netcom has a storage capacity of about 3000 watt hours/kg, which is about 8 times that of existing lithium batteries. It can be recharged and discharged thousands of times. The first cycle charge and discharge efficiency is as high as 93%, that is, 93% of the energy charged into the battery can be used during discharge.

If electric vehicles want to match the driving range of fossil fuel vehicles, their batteries will have to store more energy. Among them, lithium air (lithium oxygen) battery is the best candidate energy, but this kind of battery has always had serious obstacles. Now, chemists at Cambridge University in the UK have developed a more durable design method, which brings hope to overcome these problems, thus pushing the technology forward to practical use.

Yury Gogotsi, a material chemist at Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, said that the battery designed by Clare Grey of Cambridge and her colleagues was a prototype of a small laboratory, and there was still a long way to go before the car battery pack, but their innovative combination of materials solved several important lithium oxide technology problems.

Gogotsi pointed out that the research work published in Science magazine on October 30 looked really interesting, but he stressed that it was still just an excellent scientific laboratory work related to a small battery, rather than close to the market technology.

Lithium air battery, also known as breathing battery, can utilize the energy generated by the reaction between lithium metal and oxygen in the air. In the past 20 years, lithium air batteries have been widely studied in the world. Typically, this battery uses lithium metal as the cathode material, and the anode is a porous conductive carbon material. During discharge, lithium ions starting from the negative electrode react with oxygen in the positive electrode and air to form a solid product called lithium peroxide, which is filled in the pores of the carbon electrode. During charging, the chemical process reverses and lithium peroxide is decomposed to release oxygen. The storage capacity of this battery is theoretically 10 times that of lithium battery in the current market, but there are several major defects in practical application.

It is reported that lithium peroxide, the reaction product of the lithium air battery, and lithium superoxide, the intermediate product of the reaction, have high reactivity and can decompose the electrolyte. Therefore, after several charging and discharging cycles, the battery power will drop sharply and the battery life will be short; Due to the poor conductivity of lithium peroxide, it is difficult to decompose during charging. High charging voltage will also lead to the decomposition of electrolyte, carbon electrode and other side uses; When discharging, lithium peroxide will block the porous carbon electrode, leading to the early termination of the discharge; When charging, the lithium metal cathode surface will grow to the positive electrode in a dendritic form, which may eventually lead to short circuit, with potential safety hazards; Lithium metal will react with water vapor, nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the air, which will lead to the consumption of negative electrode materials and eventually lead to battery failure.

In this latest work, the researchers used multi-level macroporous graphene as the cathode material, and used water and lithium iodide as electrolyte additives. The lithium hydroxide finally appeared and decomposed, rather than lithium peroxide in the battery before. Lithium hydroxide is more stable than lithium peroxide, which greatly reduces the side reaction in the battery and improves the battery performance. Among them, lithium iodide not only helps to decompose lithium hydroxide, but also seems to play a role in protecting lithium metal anode, making the battery immune to excessive water. Without it, the same amount of water will directly disable the battery and completely fail to charge and discharge.

The lithium air battery model developed by researchers has a storage capacity of about 3000 watt hours/kg, which is about 8 times that of existing lithium batteries. It can be recharged and discharged thousands of times. The first cycle charge and discharge efficiency is as high as 93%, that is, 93% of the energy charged into the battery can be used during discharge.

The researchers pointed out that this work provided many new ideas for accelerating the development of lithium air batteries, such as using multi-level macroporous graphene electrodes and electrolyte additives to change battery reaction products, reduce battery side reactions, and improve battery storage capacity.

Jake Christensen, a lithium air battery expert at Bosch Research and Technology Center in Palo Alto, USA, said: As far as I know, this is the first time that this special material combination has been studied. However, he pointed out that there are still several problems in order to commercialize. Christensen specially emphasized that the current density supplied by this battery is about 1/50 to 1/20 of that required by cars.

Our best performance is very low current density. Grey admitted that we are far from the battery power required by a car. She stressed that if this technology could be put into practical application, it would first be used for rechargeable batteries, rather than automotive batteries.

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