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Nowadays, people expect battery chargers to easily support multiple chemical compositions and accept numerous voltage inputs, including a wide range of solar panels. It is becoming increasingly common for the input voltage range to cover both above and below the output battery voltage, thus requiring it to have both voltage reduction and boost capabilities (voltage reduction boost topology).

Nowadays, people expect battery chargers to easily support multiple chemical compositions and accept numerous voltage inputs, including a wide range of solar panels. It is becoming increasingly common for the input voltage range to cover both above and below the output battery voltage, thus requiring it to have both voltage reduction and boost capabilities (voltage reduction boost topology). The LTC4020 buck boost power manager and multi chemical composition battery charging controller can accept a wide range of inputs from 4.5V to 55V and generate an output voltage of up to 55V. Its buck boost DC/DC controller can provide voltage higher, lower, or equal to the device input to the battery and system.

Chargers can be easily optimized for various battery chemical compositions. For example, it can follow a constant current/constant voltage (CV/CC) charging algorithm, using C/10 or timed termination (for nickel based battery systems); A constant current (CC) characteristic with timed termination; Or an optimized 4-step, 3-level lead-acid battery charging mode.

6.3A charger for floating voltage of 25.2V batteries

Figure 1 shows a 25.2V/6.3A step-up battery charger with a 15V to 55V input, which has a high-efficiency four switch (M2~M5) synchronous step-up DC/DC converter with only one inductor (L1). The proprietary average current mode architecture uses two detection resistors (RCBRT1 and RCBRB1) to monitor the inductor current. In this buck boost solution, when the VIN is higher than VOUT, the converter operates in buck mode; When the VIN is below VOUT, the converter operates in boost mode. When the VIN approaches VOUT, the converter operates in a four switch step-down step-up mode.

Imageremoved. Figure 1: 15V to 55V input, 25.2V/6.3A step-down step-up battery charger

Figure 2: The relationship curve between the efficiency of the converter and the load current IOUT in Figure 1 (VOUT=25.2V)

The converter operates at a programmable constant switching frequency within the range of 50kHz to 500kHz, set using a resistor (R13=100k, 250kHz). The solution shown in Figure 1 can provide up to 8A (VOUT=25.2V) for system load. As shown in Figure 2, the full load efficiency (IOUT=8A, VIN=24V) can reach over 98%.

LTC4020 uses an external feedback resistor voltage divider led out from the BAT pin to set the battery voltage through the VFB pin. The Power Path FET (M1) is in a conductive state during normal battery charging, and may form a low impedance connection between the battery and the output of the buck boost converter. The charging current of the battery is monitored through a detection resistor (RCBAT1). The maximum average battery charging current can be easily set by selecting the resistance value of RCBAT1. The dynamic current limit adjustment can be achieved through the RNG/SS pin.

Utilizing PowerPathFET to achieve instant connection and ideal diode functionality

For a severely discharged battery, LTC4020 can automatically configure the PowerPathFET (M1 in Figure 1) as a linear regulator, allowing the output of the step-up converter to rise above the battery voltage while still providing charging current to the battery. This feature is called instant power on with PowerPathFET acting as a high impedance current source, responsible for providing charging current to the battery.

When the battery charger is not in the charging cycle (i.e. the buck boost converter operates specifically for system loads), LTC4020 automatically configures the PowerPathFET as an ideal diode. This allows the battery to remain disconnected from the converter output during normal operation. However, if the system load current exceeds the power supply capacity of the buck boost converter, additional power can be effectively extracted from the battery through this ideal diode.

Other features

LTC4020 supports a timer based charging algorithm, where a capacitor connected between the TIMER pin and ground is responsible for setting the end of the charging cycle.

LTC4020 has battery temperature monitoring and control functions. By connecting an NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) thermistor to the NTC pin and placing the thermistor near the battery pack (or other required monitoring location), if the voltage of the NTC pin exceeds the range (above 1.35V or below 0.3V), LTC4020 will trigger an NTC fault and stop battery charging.

LTC4020 has two open collector outputs (STAT1 and STAT2) to report charger status and fault conditions, and these two pins are binary encoded.

conclusion

LTC4020 is a universal high voltage, high-efficiency step-down boost power manager and multi chemical composition battery charger that supports input voltage above, below, or equal to output power to the battery or system. Its flat (only 0.75mm high) heat resistance enhanced 38 pin 5mmx7mm QFN package is suitable for portable industrial and medical equipment, solar powered systems, special communication equipment, and 12V to 24V embedded automotive systems.

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