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Knowledge introduction: Introduce the working principle of lithium-ion batteries

In our daily lives, lithium-ion batteries are often considered right and wrong. For example, we rely on them to operate devices such as mobile phones, laptops, and tablets. But do you understand its principle? If you don't understand, quickly follow the editor to learn the working principle of lithium-ion batteries.

1. The working principle of lithium-ion batteries. brief introduction

Lithium ion batteries are a type of secondary battery composed of two reversible intercalated and non intercalated lithium-ion compounds as the positive and negative electrodes. When the battery is charged, the lithium atoms in the positive electrode ionize into lithium ions and electrons, and the lithium ions move towards the positive electrode, forming lithium atoms with the electrons. During the discharge process, lithium atoms ionize from the anode surface of graphite crystals into lithium ions and electrons, forming lithium atoms at the cathode. So, lithium is usually in the form of lithium ions, not metallic lithium, so this is called a lithium-ion battery.

2. Working principle - Structure of lithium-ion batteries

Lithium ion batteries are a replacement product for lithium-ion batteries that emerged a few years ago. Batteries are mainly composed of positive and negative electrodes, electrolyte, separator, and casing.

Positive electrode - Select a carbon electrode that can absorb and store lithium ions. When lithium is discharged, lithium becomes lithium-ion, leaving the positive electrode of the battery and reaching the negative electrode of the lithium-ion battery.

The selection of electrode negative electrode materials should be as close as possible to the potential of lithium, which can be embedded in lithium compounds, such as various carbon materials, including natural graphite, compositional graphite, carbon fibers, central phase carbon, and metal oxides.

Electrolyte - a mixed solvent system composed of LiPF6 ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, low viscosity diethyl carbonate, and other alkyl carbonates.

The diaphragm uses polyethylene microporous membranes, such as PE, PP or their composite membranes, especially PP/PE/PP three-layer membranes, which not only have low melting points but also high wear resistance, playing a role in thermal safety.

The shell is made of steel or aluminum, and the shell assembly has explosion-proof and power-off functions.

3. Working principle of lithium-ion batteries

The working principle of lithium-ion batteries is the principle of charging and discharging.

When the battery is charged, lithium ions form at the positive electrode of the battery, and the lithium ions reach the negative electrode through the electrolyte. Carbon, also known as the negative electrode, has a layered structure with many micropores, and lithium ions that reach the negative electrode are embedded in the micropores of the carbon layer. The more lithium ions are embedded, the larger the charging capacity. At this point, the chemical reaction at the positive electrode is:

Similarly, when the battery is discharged (the process we use the battery), the lithium ions embedded in the negative carbon will come out and return to the positive electrode. The more lithium ions return to the positive electrode, the greater the discharge capacity. When we talk about battery capacity, we mean discharge capacity. The chemical reaction that occurs on the negative electrode at this time is:

It is not difficult to see that during the charging and discharging process of lithium-ion batteries, lithium ions move from the positive electrode to the negative electrode, and then to the positive electrode. Let's imagine lithium-ion batteries as a rocking chair. The two ends of the rocking chair are the north and south poles of the battery. Lithium ions, like an excellent athlete, move back and forth between the ends of a rocking chair. Therefore, experts have given lithium-ion batteries their favorite name: rocking chair batteries.

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