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The difference between capacitors and batteries, and the comparison between supercapacitors and lithium batteries. Capacitors and batteries are both electrical components and energy storage components. The unit of capacitance is Farad, and the symbol is C. The unit of a battery is ampere hours, which represents the product of current and time. For example, 20AH is a discharge current of 1A and can be continuously discharged for 20 hours. Although batteries and capacitors have similarities, there are several key differences.

The difference between capacitors and batteries

A common capacitor is a structure where two metal electrodes are separated by insulation material and protected by a protective casing. Generally, capacitors are used for coupling, filtering, and decoupling, and are used for instantaneous power supply. Therefore, the energy provided is not very large, and it is required that capacitors store not much electrical energy.

Batteries also have two electrodes, but usually contain a large amount of electrochemical materials. When charging, electrical energy is converted into chemical energy for storage, and then converted back into electrical energy during discharge. The characteristics of batteries and capacitors are similar.

The difference between the two lies in that batteries store a relatively large amount of electricity, while capacitors store very little. The battery charging point is slow, while the capacitor charging point is very fast. Most capacitors can be charged with high current, but high current charging points are not commonly seen. With the continuous development of technology and electronics, the capacity of batteries is also increasing, gradually replacing batteries in many places.

Capacitors have functions such as filtering and coupling in circuits, and often work in AC circuits by storing and releasing charges. This is similar to batteries, but the charging and discharging time of capacitors depends on the RC time constant and can usually be quickly charged and discharged. And batteries convert electrical energy into chemical energy for storage, and then convert chemical energy into electrical energy for use. The charging and discharging time is relatively slow.

Usually, batteries provide higher energy density for storage, while capacitors have faster charging and discharging capabilities.

Comparison between supercapacitors and lithium batteries

In the field of new energy vehicles, the technology dispute between supercapacitors and lithium batteries has never been resolved. As early as 2010, supercapacitor buses made their debut at the Shanghai World Expo. However, due to its low energy density, buses need to be charged almost every time they stop, which means that every bus stop needs to be renovated.

The charging speed of supercapacitors is much faster than that of lithium-ion batteries. Compared to lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors have better safety and will not have problems such as explosions and fires, making them more suitable for use on buses. The lifespan of supercapacitors is also relatively long, and their lifespan can be synchronized with the lifespan of cars, unlike electric cars that require a complete battery replacement in about three years.

Supercapacitors are more suitable for application in urban public transportation vehicles, as well as in fields such as airport shuttle buses, aircraft tractors, large logistics stations and port container transportation, and large logistics system stations to short distance transportation vehicles. Supercapacitors have reached the stage of expanding their application range and industrialization. And we have mastered many core technologies.

Lithium batteries have fatal weaknesses such as environmental pollution, complex systems, and high costs. However, supercapacitors, with their excellent characteristics, can partially or completely replace traditional chemical batteries for vehicle traction and starting energy, and have a wider range of uses than traditional chemical batteries.

If we make a vivid analogy, a lithium battery is like a water dispenser, with a large capacity but slow water output. A supercapacitor is like a cup of water, it can be toasted with just one sip.

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