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Lead lead-acid battery (VRLA) is a type of battery where the electrodes are mainly made of lead and its oxides, and the electrolyte is a sulfuric acid solution. In the discharge state of lead-acid batteries, the main component of the positive electrode is lead dioxide, and the main component of the negative electrode is lead; In the charging state, the main component of the positive and negative electrodes is lead sulfate. The nominal voltage of a single cell lead-acid battery is 2.0V, which can discharge up to 1.5V and charge up to 2.4V; In applications, six single cell lead-acid batteries are often connected in series to form lead-acid batteries with a nominal voltage of 12V, as well as 24V, 36V, 48V, etc.

In addition to lithium batteries, lead-acid batteries are also a very important battery system in commonly used rechargeable batteries. The advantage of lead-acid batteries is that their electromotive force is relatively stable during discharge, but the disadvantage is that their specific energy (stored energy per unit weight) is small and they are highly corrosive to the environment. Lead acid batteries have a stable working voltage, a wide range of operating temperatures and currents, the ability to charge and discharge hundreds of cycles, good storage performance (especially suitable for dry charge storage), and low cost, making them widely used.

Lead acid battery: Its volume and weight have not been effectively improved, so it is currently most commonly used in car and motorcycle engines. The biggest improvement of lead-acid batteries is the recent use of high-efficiency oxygen recombination technology to complete water regeneration, achieving the goal of complete sealing without the need for water. The "water free battery" made from it can have a lifespan of up to 4 years (single electrode voltage 2V).

Lead acid batteries have a history of over 150 years since their invention by Plant in 1859, and their technology is very mature, making them the most widely used chemical power source in the world. Despite the emergence and application of new types of batteries such as nickel cadmium batteries, nickel hydrogen batteries, and lithium-ion batteries in recent years, lead-acid batteries still hold a solid position in the vast majority of traditional and emerging application fields due to their strong high current discharge performance, stable voltage characteristics, wide temperature applicability, large single cell capacity, high safety, abundant and renewable raw materials, and low prices.

The composition of lead-acid batteries: electrode plate, partition, shell, electrolyte, lead connection bar, pole, etc

1. Positive and negative plates

Classification and composition: The electrode plate is divided into two types: positive electrode plate and negative electrode plate, both of which are composed of a grid frame and active substances filled on it.

Lead acid battery schematic diagram

Lead acid battery schematic diagram

Function: During the charging and discharging process of a battery, the mutual conversion of electrical and chemical energy is achieved through the chemical reaction between the active substance on the electrode plate and sulfuric acid in the electrolyte.

Color differentiation: The active substance on the positive electrode plate is lead dioxide (PbO2), which is dark brown in color; The active substance on the negative electrode plate is sponge like pure lead (Pb), which appears bluish gray.

The function of the grid frame is to accommodate active substances and shape the electrode plate.

Plate group: To increase the capacity of the battery, multiple positive and negative plates are welded in parallel to form a positive and negative plate group.

Special installation requirements: During installation, the positive and negative plates should be embedded with each other, and a partition should be inserted in the middle. In each individual battery, the number of negative plates is always one more than the number of positive plates.

2. Partition

Function: In order to reduce the internal resistance and size of the battery, the positive and negative plates inside the battery should be as close as possible; To avoid short circuits caused by contact with each other, positive and negative plates should be separated by partitions.

Material requirements: The partition material should have porosity and permeability, and its chemical properties should be stable, that is, it should have good acid resistance and oxidation resistance.

Materials: Commonly used partition materials include wooden partitions, microporous rubber, microporous plastics, fiberglass, and cardboard.

Installation requirements: The side with grooves on the partition should face the positive electrode plate during installation.

3. Shell

Function: Used to hold electrolyte and electrode group

Material: Made of materials that are acid resistant, heat resistant, shock resistant, have good insulation properties, and have certain mechanical properties.

Structural features: The shell is an integral structure, with 3 or 6 disconnected single cells separated by partition walls inside the shell. There are protruding ribs at the bottom to support the polar plate group. The space between the ribs is used to store the fallen active substances to prevent short circuits between the plates. After the plates are installed in the shell, the upper part is sealed with a battery cover made of the same material as the shell. There is a dispensing hole on the top of each cell corresponding to the battery cover, which is used to add electrolyte and distilled water. It can also be used to check the height of the electrolyte liquid level and measure the relative density of the electrolyte.

4. Electrolyte

Function: The electrolyte plays a conductive role between ions and participates in chemical reactions during the conversion process of electrical and chemical energy, namely the electrochemical reactions of charging and discharging.

Composition: It is prepared by mixing pure sulfuric acid and distilled water in a certain proportion, and its density is generally 1.24-1.30g/ml.

Special attention: The purity of electrolyte is an important factor affecting the performance and service life of batteries.

5. Serial connection method of individual batteries

Batteries are generally composed of 3 or 6 individual batteries connected in series, with a rated voltage of 6V or 12V, respectively.

Series connection method: There are generally three types of series connection methods for single cell batteries: traditional exposed, through wall, and spanning.

This connection method has a simple process, but it consumes a lot of lead and has a high connection resistance, resulting in a large voltage drop and power loss during startup, and is prone to short circuits.

Wall through connection method: It is to drill holes on the wall between adjacent individual batteries for the connecting strip to pass through, and weld the electrode plates and columns of the two individual batteries together.

Spanning connection method: There is a gap on the wall between adjacent individual batteries, and the connecting strip crosses the gap to connect the pole groups of the two individual batteries. All connecting strips are arranged under the overall cover.

Compared with traditional exposed lead connection methods, through wall and cross over connection methods have advantages such as short connection distance, material saving, low resistance, and good starting performance.

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