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Working principle of lithium-ion batteries

Lithium ion batteries generally use lithium alloy metal oxides as the positive electrode material, graphite as the negative electrode material, and non-aqueous electrolytes.

The reaction that occurs on the charging positive electrode is

LiCoO2==Li (1-x) CoO2+XLi+Xe - (electronic)

The reaction that occurs on the charging negative electrode is

6C+XLi++Xe -=LixC6

Total reaction of rechargeable battery: LiCoO2+6C=Li (1-x) CoO2+LixC6

Lithium ion batteries are a type of rechargeable battery that primarily relies on the movement of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes for operation. During the charging and discharging process, Li+is intercalated and deintercaled back and forth between the two electrodes: during charging, Li+is deintercaled from the positive electrode, embedded into the negative electrode through the electrolyte, and the negative electrode is in a lithium rich state; When discharging, the opposite is true.

The application of lithium-ion batteries

The upstream of lithium batteries is the mineral resources required for lithium battery materials, while the midstream is the production of lithium battery manufacturers, including positive electrode materials, negative electrode materials, electrolytes, separators, conductive agents, and adhesives. The downstream is mainly in the field of lithium battery supporting applications, which are currently widely used in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and industrial energy storage.

Lithium batteries have become the preferred choice for electric vehicle batteries in the next decade due to their superior performance and mature technology. At present, consumer electronics products account for 58% of the demand for lithium batteries. The applications of lithium batteries in consumer electronics mainly include: mobile phones, personal computers, tablets, digital cameras, mobile power supplies, e-cigarettes, etc.

The advantages of lithium-ion batteries

Lithium batteries have a high energy density and an average output voltage. Low self discharge, below 10% per month. There is no memory effect. The working temperature range is wide from -20 ℃ to 60 ℃. Superior cycling performance, fast charging and discharging, charging efficiency up to 100%, and high output power. Long service life. No environmental pollution, known as green lithium batteries.

Lithium ion batteries are charged and discharged at a rate of 1C, with a cycle life of 500 times or more. The capacitance at the 500th cycle is greater than 70% of the nominal copper beam. Even if lead-acid batteries are discharged at 0.5 and charged at 0.15C, their cycle life is less than or equal to 350 times, and their capacitance is less than or equal to 60%.

Lithium ion batteries can operate normally at -25 degrees Celsius with a capacitance of up to 70% of their nominal capacity, while lead-acid batteries have a capacitance of 50% at -10 degrees Celsius and can function normally at -25 degrees Celsius.

Strong charge retention ability: After being left for two months, a fully charged lithium-ion battery pack has a capacity of 80% or more, while lead-acid batteries have a capacity of only 40% -50% of their nominal capacity after being left for two months.

Strong endurance, as the weight of lithium-ion battery packs is only 30% of that of lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries have strong endurance under the same voltage and capacitance.

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