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Ordinary lithium-ion batteries generate a small amount of gas inside the battery during charging, which is usually absorbed during discharge.

Excessive charging current and frequent overcharging can exacerbate gas generation, leading to an increase in internal pressure of the battery and causing swelling. Slight swelling of the battery is allowed, and avoiding overcharging is the key to reducing swelling.

In addition, lithium has very active chemical properties and is easy to burn. When the battery is charged and discharged, the internal temperature of the battery continues to rise, and the gas generated during the activation process expands. The internal pressure of the battery increases, and when the pressure reaches a certain level, it will rupture, causing liquid leakage, fire, and even explosion. Therefore, ensuring its safety performance is absolutely important.

Lithium batteries mainly contain some compounds, which are not very toxic, but also have a certain degree of pollution. It is best not to inhale them.

Of course, the main components of the electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries are alkyl carbonate and ether organic or inorganic lithium salts. Fortunately, they are all low toxicity. As long as you pay attention to ventilation and do not ingest them, inhaling a small amount may cause symptoms of dizziness and vomiting. Immediately go to a ventilated area to breathe fresh air to relieve the symptoms. If it's serious, you need to seek medical attention.

Lithium battery electrolyte is the carrier for ion transport in batteries. Generally composed of lithium salts and organic solvents. The electrolyte plays a role in conducting ions between the positive and negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries, ensuring that lithium-ion batteries obtain high voltage, high specific energy, and other advantages. Electrolytes are generally prepared from high-purity organic solvents, electrolyte lithium salts, necessary additives, and other raw materials under certain conditions and in a certain proportion.

1. Ethylene carbonate: Molecular formula: C3H4O3

Transparent colorless liquid (>35 ℃), crystalline solid at room temperature. Boiling point: 248 ℃/760mmHg, 243-244 ℃/740mmHg; Flash point: 160 ℃; Density: 1.3218; Refractive index: 1.4158 (50 ℃); Melting point: 35-38 ℃; This product is a good solvent for polyacrylonitrile and polyvinyl chloride. Can be used as a spinning solution on textiles; It can also be directly used as a solvent for removing acidic gases and an additive for concrete; Can be used as a component and raw material in pharmaceuticals; It can also be used as a plastic foaming agent and a stabilizer for synthetic lubricants; In the battery industry, it can be used as an excellent solvent for lithium battery electrolytes

2. Molecular formula of propylene carbonate: C4H6O3

Colorless and odorless, or light yellow transparent liquid, soluble in water and carbon tetrachloride, mixed with ether, acetone, benzene, etc. It is an excellent polar solvent. This product is mainly used for polymer operations, gas separation processes, and electrochemistry. Especially used to absorb carbon dioxide from natural gas and synthetic ammonia raw materials in petrochemical plants, it can also be used as a plasticizer, spinning solvent, olefin and aromatic hydrocarbon extractant, etc.

Toxicological data: No toxicity was found in animal experiments through oral or skin contact. Rat oral LD50=29000 mg/kg

This product should be stored in a cool, ventilated, and dry place, away from sources of fire, and stored and transported according to general low toxicity chemical regulations.

3. Molecular formula of diethyl carbonate: C5H10O3

Colorless liquid with a slight odor; Steam pressure of 1.33kPa/23.8 ℃; Flash point 25 ℃ (Combustible liquids can evaporate into vapor and run into the air. As the temperature increases, evaporation accelerates. When a mixture of volatile vapor and air comes into contact with a fire source and can produce sparks, this brief combustion process is called flash ignition, and the lowest temperature at which flash occurs is called flash point. The lower the flash point, the greater the risk of fire.); Melting point -43 ℃; Boiling point 125.8 ℃; Solubility: insoluble in water, but miscible with most organic solvents such as alcohols, ketones, and esters; Density: Relative density (water=1) 1.0; Relative density (air=1) 4.07; Stability: Stable; Hazard label 7 (flammable liquids); Main use: as a solvent and for organic synthesis

① Health hazards

Invasion routes: inhalation, ingestion, percutaneous absorption.

Health hazards: This product is a mild irritant and anesthetic. Inhalation can cause headaches, dizziness, weakness, nausea, and difficulty breathing. Liquids or high concentration vapors are irritating. Oral administration stimulates the gastrointestinal tract. Long term repeated contact with the skin can be irritating.

② Toxicological data and environmental behavior

Toxicity: It is estimated that it can enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and respiratory tract, exhibiting moderate toxicity. More irritating than dimethyl carbonate.

Acute toxicity: LD501570mg/kg (orally administered to rats); Inhaling 20mg/L (vapor) for 10 minutes can cause tearing and irritation to the nasal mucosa.

Reproductive toxicity: Hamster abdominal cavity 11.4mg/kg (pregnant mice), with significant teratogenic effects.

Hazardous characteristics: Flammable, there is a risk of combustion when exposed to open flames or high heat. Its vapor is heavier than air and can diffuse to a considerable distance at lower points. When exposed to open flames, it can ignite again.

Combustion (decomposition) products: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.

③ Leakage emergency response

Quickly evacuate personnel from the contaminated area to a safe area, isolate them, and strictly restrict entry and exit. Cut off the fire source. It is recommended that emergency personnel wear self-contained positive pressure respirators and fire protective clothing. Cut off the source of leakage as much as possible. Prevent entry into restricted spaces such as sewers and drainage ditches. Minor leakage: Absorbed with or other inert materials. It can also be brushed with lotion made of incombustible dispersant, and the washing solution is diluted and discharged into the wastewater system. Large amount of leakage: Build embankments or dig pits for containment. Cover with foam to reduce steam disaster. Transfer to a tank truck or dedicated collector using an explosion-proof pump, recycle or transport to a waste disposal site for disposal.

④ Protective measures

Respiratory protection: When the concentration in the air is high, it is recommended to wear a self-priming filter type gas mask (half face mask).

Eye protection: Wear safety goggles.

Body protection: Wear anti-static work clothes.

Hand protection: Wear rubber gloves.

Other: Smoking is strictly prohibited at the work site. After work, take a shower and change clothes. Pay attention to personal hygiene and hygiene.

⑤ First aid measures

Skin contact: Remove contaminated clothing and thoroughly rinse the skin with soap and water.

Eye contact: Lift the eyelids and rinse with flowing water or physiological saline. Seek medical attention.

Inhalation: Quickly remove from the scene to a place with fresh air. Maintain airway patency. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If breathing stops, immediately perform artificial respiration. Seek medical attention.

Ingestion: Drink plenty of warm water, induce vomiting, and seek medical attention.

Fire extinguishing method: Spray water to cool the container, and if possible, move the container from the fire scene to an open area. Extinguishing agent: foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide, sand.

4. Dimethyl carbonate: C3H6O3

(dimethylcarbon,...), DMC)， It is a non-toxic, environmentally friendly, and widely used chemical raw material. It is an important organic synthesis intermediate, with functional groups such as carbonyl, methyl, and methoxy groups in its molecular structure. It has various reaction properties and is safe, convenient, less polluting, and easy to transport in production. Due to its low toxicity, dimethyl carbonate is a promising "green" chemical product,

DMC has excellent solubility, narrow melting and boiling point range, high surface tension, low viscosity, low dielectric constant, high evaporation temperature and fast evaporation rate. Therefore, it can be used as a low toxic solvent in the coating industry and pharmaceutical industry. From Table 1, it can be seen that, DMC not only has low toxicity, but also has the characteristics of high flash point, low vapor pressure, and high lower explosive limit in air, making it a green solvent that combines cleanliness and safety.

5. Methyl ethyl carbonate

Molecular weight: 104.1, density 1.00g/cm3, colorless transparent liquid, boiling point 107 ℃, melting point -14 ℃. It is a high-tech and high value-added chemical product that has emerged in recent years. It is an excellent solvent for lithium-ion battery electrolytes and the latest product that has been extended with the increase in production of dimethyl carbonate and lithium-ion batteries. Due to its combination of methyl and ethyl, as well as the characteristics of dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate, it is also a solvent for special spices and intermediates. Due to the imbalance of methyl ethyl, this product is unstable and not suitable for long-term storage.

This product should be stored in a cool, ventilated, and dry place, and transported according to the regulations for flammable chemicals

6. Lithium hexafluorophosphate

White crystals or powders with a relative density of 1.50. Strong deliquescence; Easy to dissolve in water, but also soluble in low concentration organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, carbonates, etc. Decompose when exposed to air or heated. When exposed to air or heated, lithium hexafluorophosphate rapidly decomposes in the air due to the action of water vapor, releasing PF5 and producing white smoke.

7. Phosphorus pentafluoride

Phosphorus pentafluoride (chemical formula: PF5) is a phosphorus halide compound with a phosphorus atom oxidation number of+5 and containing a three center four electron bond. Phosphorus pentafluoride is a colorless and foul smelling gas at room temperature and pressure, which has a strong irritant effect on the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. It is a highly active compound that produces toxic and corrosive white hydrogen fluoride smoke in humid air. Phosphorus pentafluoride is used as a catalyst for polymerization reactions.

National standard number 23022

CAS number 7647-19-0

Chinese name: phosphorus pentafluoride

The English name is phophoruspentafluoride

Nickname phosphorus fluoride

Molecular formula PF5 is a colorless and irritating gas with a foul odor, which emits severe smoke in humid air

Molecular weight 126.0, boiling point -84.6 ℃

Melting point -93.8 ℃, solubility

Density relative density (water=1) 5.81 (gas); Relative density (air=1) 4.3 Stability and stability

Hazard Mark 6 (toxic gas, inorganic highly toxic substance) is mainly used for gas generation and as a catalyst for polymerization reactions

① Impact on the environment

1、 Health hazards

Invasion route: inhalation.

Health hazards: The production of toxic and corrosive hydrogen fluoride in humid air. This product has a strong irritant effect on the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Inhalation can cause respiratory inflammation and pulmonary edema.

2、 Toxicological data and environmental behavior

Toxicity: Irritating.

Hazardous characteristics: White corrosive and irritating hydrogen fluoride smoke is generated in humid air. Decompose in water to release highly toxic and corrosive gases. Decompose when exposed to alkali.

Combustion (decomposition) products: phosphorus oxide, phosphane, hydrogen fluoride.

② Emergency response methods

1、 Leakage emergency response

Quickly evacuate personnel from the contaminated area to the upwind and immediately isolate them. For minor leaks, isolate 300 meters, for major leaks, isolate 450 meters, and strictly restrict entry and exit. It is recommended that emergency personnel wear self-contained positive pressure respirators and protective clothing. Cut off the source of leakage as much as possible. Reasonable ventilation and accelerated diffusion. Leakage containers should be properly handled, repaired, and inspected before use.

2、 Protective measures

Respiratory protection: When there is a possibility of contact with its vapors, a self-priming filtered gas mask (full face mask) must be worn. If necessary, wear an air respirator.

Eye protection: Protective measures have been taken in respiratory protection.

Body protection: Wear adhesive and gas resistant clothing.

Hand protection: Wear rubber gloves.

Other: Smoking is strictly prohibited at the work site. Pay attention to personal hygiene and hygiene.

3、 First aid measures

Skin contact: Remove contaminated clothing and rinse with plenty of flowing water. Seek medical attention.

Eye contact: Lift the eyelids and rinse with flowing water or physiological saline. Seek medical attention.

Inhalation: Quickly remove from the scene to a place with fresh air. Maintain airway patency. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If breathing stops, immediately perform artificial respiration. Seek medical attention.

Fire extinguishing method: Firefighters must wear full body fire and gas resistant clothing. Cut off the air source. Spray water to cool the container, and if possible, move the container from the fire to an open area. Fire extinguishing agents: dry powder, carbon dioxide.

8. Hydrofluoric acid

This product is under the control of the public security department in accordance with the Regulations on the Safety Management of Hazardous Chemicals.

Colorless transparent smoke liquid. An aqueous solution of hydrogen fluoride gas. It is weakly acidic. Has a pungent odor. Reacting with silicon and silicon compounds to produce gaseous silicon tetrafluoride, but it does not corrode plastics, paraffin, lead, gold, and platinum. Can be mixed with water and ethanol. Relative density 1.298. 38.2% of hydrofluoric acid is an azeotropic mixture with a boiling point of 112.2 ℃. Toxic, minimum lethal dose (rat, intraperitoneal) 25mG/kG. It is corrosive and can strongly corrode metals, glass, and objects containing silicon. Inhaling steam or coming into contact with the skin can form ulcers that are difficult to heal.

① Security measures

Leakage: Quickly evacuate personnel from the contaminated area to a safe area, isolate them, and strictly restrict entry and exit. It is recommended that emergency personnel wear self-contained positive pressure respirators and acid and alkali resistant work clothes. Do not come into direct contact with leaks. Cut off the source of leakage as much as possible to prevent entry into restricted spaces such as sewers and drainage ditches.

Minor leakage: Mix with sand, dry lime, or soda ash. It can also be rinsed with a large amount of water, diluted with washing water, and then discharged into the wastewater system.

Large amount of leakage: building embankments or digging pits for containment; Transfer to a tank truck or dedicated collector using a pump, recycle or transport to a waste disposal site for disposal.

② Fire extinguishing methods

Combustibility: non combustible

Extinguishing agent: spray water, foam.

Firefighting precautions: Firefighters must wear oxygen respirators and full body protective clothing.

③ Emergency handling

Inhalation: Quickly remove from the scene to fresh air. Maintain airway patency. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If breathing stops, immediately perform artificial respiration. Seek medical attention.

Ingestion: Rinse mouth with water and give milk or egg white to the person taking it by mistake. Seek medical attention.

Skin contact: Immediately remove contaminated clothing and rinse with plenty of flowing water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention. Alternatively, immediately remove contaminated clothing and rinse with Diclofenac. If it is fluorinated acid, rinse with hexafluoroethylene. Seek medical attention.

Eye contact: Immediately lift the eyelids and thoroughly rinse with plenty of flowing water or physiological saline for at least 15 minutes. Alternatively, use a Diclofenac eye wash (if it is fluorinated acid, rinse with hexafluoroethylene) for medical attention.

④ Physical and chemical properties

Hydrofluoric acid is an aqueous solution of hydrogen fluoride gas, which is a colorless, transparent to pale yellow, smoky liquid. Has a pungent odor.

It has weak acidity, but the ionization degree is higher when it is concentrated than when it is diluted, which is different from general weak electrolytes. Highly corrosive, causing severe damage to teeth and bones. Silicon compounds have strong corrosiveness. It should be stored in a sealed plastic bottle.

Obtained by dissolving HF in water. Used for carving glass, cleaning residual sand on castings, controlling fermentation, electro polishing, and cleaning corroded semiconductor silicon wafers (mixed with HNO3 acid). Due to the relatively strong binding ability between hydrogen and fluorine atoms, hydrofluoric acid cannot be completely ionized in water.

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