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Energy storage mainly refers to the storage of electric energy. Energy storage is also a term in oil reservoirs, representing the ability of reservoirs to store oil and gas. Energy storage itself is not an emerging technology, but it is just emerging from the perspective of industry and is in the initial stage.

So far, China has not reached the level that the United States and Japan treat energy storage as an independent industry and issue special support policies. Especially in the absence of a mechanism to pay for energy storage, the commercialization model of energy storage industry has not yet taken shape.

The lead-acid battery is generally used in the occasion of battery energy storage and high power, which is mainly used to store the surplus energy of emergency power supply, battery car and power plant. Repeated rechargeable dry batteries can also be used for low-power occasions, such as nickel metal hydride batteries, lithium ion batteries, etc. This article follows Xiao Bian to understand the advantages and disadvantages of nine types of battery energy storage.

1、 Lead acid battery

Main advantages:

1. The raw materials are easy to get and the price is relatively low;

2. High rate discharge performance is good;

3. The temperature performance is good, and it can work at - 40~+60 ℃;

4. Suitable for floating charge, long service life, no memory effect;

5. Waste batteries are easy to recycle, which is conducive to protecting the environment.

Main disadvantages:

1. Low specific energy, generally 30~40Wh/kg;

2. The service life is less than that of Cd/Ni battery;

3. The manufacturing process is easy to pollute the environment, and must be equipped with three waste treatment equipment.

2、 NiMH battery

Main advantages:

1. Compared with lead-acid battery, the energy density has been greatly improved, with the weight energy density of 65Wh/kg and the volume energy density of 200Wh/L;

2. High power density, large current charging and discharging;

3. Good low-temperature discharge characteristics;

4. Cycle life (increased to 1000 times);

5. Environmental protection and pollution-free;

6. The technology is more mature than lithium ion battery.

Main disadvantages:

1. The normal operating temperature range is - 15~40 ℃, and the high temperature performance is poor;

2. The working voltage is low, and the working voltage range is 1.0~1.4V;

3. The price is more expensive than lead-acid batteries and nickel metal hydride batteries, but the performance is worse than lithium ion batteries.

3、 Lithium ion battery

Main advantages:

1. High specific energy;

2. High voltage platform;

3. Good cycle performance;

4. No memory effect;

5. Environmental protection, no pollution; At present, it is one of the electric vehicle power batteries with the best potential.

4、 Supercapacitor

Main advantages:

1. High power density;

2. The charging time is short.

Main disadvantages:

The energy density is low, only 1-10Wh/kg. The range of super capacitor is too short to be used as the mainstream power supply of electric vehicles.

Advantages and disadvantages of battery energy storage (analysis of nine energy storage batteries)

5、 Fuel cell

Main advantages:

1. High specific energy and long driving distance;

2. High power density, large current charging and discharging;

3. Environmental protection, no pollution.

Main disadvantages:

1. The system is complex and the technology maturity is poor;

2. The construction of hydrogen supply system lags behind;

3. There are high requirements for sulfur dioxide in the air. Due to the serious air pollution in China, the life of fuel cell vehicles in China is relatively short.

6、 Sodium sulfur battery

Advantages:

1. High specific energy (theoretical 760wh/kg; actual 390wh/kg);

2. High power (discharge current density can reach 200~300mA/cm2);

3. Fast charging speed (full charge for 30min);

4. Long life (15 years; or 2500~4500 times);

5. No pollution, recyclable (recovery rate of Na and S is nearly 100%); 6. No self discharge, high energy conversion;

Insufficient:

1. The working temperature is high, and the working temperature is 300~350 ℃. The battery needs to be heated and insulated to a certain extent when it is working, and the startup is slow;

2. The price is expensive, 10000 yuan/kWh;

3. Poor safety.

7、 Liquid flow battery (vanadium battery)

advantage:

1. Safe and deep discharge;

2. Large scale, unlimited tank size;

3. There is a large charge discharge rate;

4. Long service life and high reliability;

5. No emission, low noise;

6. Fast charge discharge switching, only 0.02 seconds;

7. Site selection is not restricted by region.

Disadvantages:

1. Cross contamination of positive and negative electrolyte;

2. Some need expensive ion exchange membranes;

3. The two solutions have large volume and low specific energy;

4. Energy conversion efficiency is not high.

8、 Lithium air battery

Fatal defects:

Lithium oxide (Li2O), the product of solid reaction, will accumulate on the positive electrode, blocking the contact between electrolyte and air, thus stopping the discharge. Scientists believe that the performance of lithium air battery is 10 times that of lithium ion battery, which can provide the same energy as gasoline. The lithium air battery absorbs oxygen from the air for charging, so the battery can be smaller and lighter. Many laboratories around the world are studying this technology, but if there is no major breakthrough, it may take another 10 years to achieve commercial use.

9、 Lithium sulfur battery (lithium sulfur battery is a kind of high capacity energy storage system with great development prospect)

advantage:

1. High energy density, theoretical energy density can reach 2600Wh/kg;

2. Low raw material cost;

3. Low energy consumption;

4. Low toxicity.

Although the research of lithium sulfur battery has gone through decades, and many achievements have been made in the past 10 years, it is still far from practical application.

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