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In recent months, the state has intensively introduced policies to support the fuel cell vehicle industry, and the concept of fuel cell is hot. However, as a secondary energy, hydrogen needs to be produced from primary energy. The large-scale production of hydrogen in a sustainable way is the premise to realize the wide utilization of hydrogen. With the continuous progress of technology and process, nuclear hydrogen production is expected to open the source of development of hydrogen fuel cells.

Hydrogen: excellent secondary energy

Hydrogen is a multi-purpose energy carrier, which can be produced from various energy sources and used in many applications in the entire energy sector. Because it is a chemical fuel, it can be traded and stored in a way that cannot be realized by electricity, which enables some industries with the deepest penetration of fossil energy to switch to hydrogen energy at the minimum cost, including steel production, chemical industry, heat supply and long-distance transportation

Hydrogen comes from a wide range of sources. It can be prepared by chemical methods with the help of traditional fossil energy such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc., or by electrolysis after power generation with renewable energy of wind power and solar energy, or even by nuclear energy, which can meet the demand for hydrogen energy in various scenarios.

The energy density of hydrogen is high, and the combustion heat ranks first in the current mainstream fuel. The combustion heat of hydrogen under the same quality is 2.4 times that of LPG, 2.7 times that of gasoline and 4.5 times that of alcohol.

Hydrogen storage and transportation are relatively convenient, which can realize continuous supply, long-distance transmission and rapid replenishment. All kinds of primary energy can be converted into hydrogen, which is convenient for local materials, conversion, storage and transportation. For example, the surplus electricity is converted into hydrogen, and then stored in compressed gas, liquefaction, metal cyanide, carbon adsorption and other ways. Like traditional fossil energy, it is transported through pipelines, roads, ships, railways and other ways.

It is worth noting that hydrogen is a secondary energy, a carrier rather than the energy itself. Although hydrogen is abundant in nature as a molecular component, people need to consume energy to produce pure hydrogen. Hydrogen itself contains no carbon. In the process of hydrogen energy consumption, such as fuel cells or combustion in heat engines, water is the only emission. However, the carbon emissions throughout the life cycle of hydrogen energy are determined by the primary energy and hydrogen production process, which need to be considered comprehensively when quantifying climate benefits. Hydrogen cannot be arbitrarily said to be a clean energy.

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle

At present, the industrial application of hydrogen energy is still in the exploration stage, and hydrogen energy mainly has the following application scenarios: as a high-energy fuel, it is used in aerospace industrial equipment such as space shuttles, rockets and urban buses; It is used as a protective gas in the electronic industry, such as in the preparation of integrated circuits, electronic tubes, picture tubes, etc; Hydrorefining naphtha, fuel oil, crude diesel oil, heavy oil, etc. in the refining industry; In metallurgical industry, it can also be used as a reducing agent to reduce metal oxides to metals; In the food industry, edible salad oil is the product of hydrogenation of vegetable oil; Hydrogen is also an important synthetic material in the chemical industry. In recent years, the rise of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles is an important direction of hydrogen energy application.

Hydrogen energy vehicles include hydrogen internal combustion vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Among them, the former uses hydrogen as a substitute for fossil energy and uses internal combustion engines to convert chemical energy into kinetic energy. The hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is to make hydrogen or hydrogen containing substances and oxygen in the air pass through the fuel cell to generate electricity, and then use electricity to drive the motor, which drives the vehicle. Hydrogen fuel cell, which is clean and efficient, is the key technology to popularize the use of hydrogen energy.

The fuel cell is different from the primary cell in that it can continuously provide stable power through the stable supply of oxygen and fuel sources until the fuel is exhausted. It is not discarded after being used up like ordinary non rechargeable batteries, nor must continue to be charged after being used up like rechargeable batteries. Even after the stack is connected in series, it can be comparable to a power plant with a capacity of one million watts (MW).

As of April 2018, there were 8000 fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) worldwide. The United States topped the list with 4500 cars, mainly registered in California. Japan ranked second with 2400 hydrogen vehicles, followed by Germany and France. In China, the number of fuel cell vehicles is growing. As of June 2018, China has about 2000 medium-sized trucks and 280 buses. In Europe, the fuel cell and hydrogen joint venture is implementing a fuel cell bus project, which aims to deploy about 300 buses in 20 cities by 2022.

Nuclear energy: the first choice for large-scale hydrogen production

In the process of global low-carbon energy revolution, large-scale clean hydrogen production technology will be the source of development of nuclear energy utilization. Among the relatively mature hydrogen production technologies at present, hydrogen production from fossil fuels through steam reforming technology and gasification technology is a more economical choice, which is suitable for large-scale industrial production. However, the disadvantage is that it will cause carbon dioxide emissions, which is not different from the direct use of fossil fuels, and is contrary to the direction of low-carbon transformation of global energy.

shortcoming

Steam reforming: Decomposition of hydrocarbons by heat and steam.

The principle of large-scale production is clear, the technology is mature, and it is suitable for large-scale commercial production. With wide sources of raw materials and strong economy, it is an ideal choice for centralized production.

Small devices have not been commercialized; CO2 emission; Hydrogen contains some impurities; Primary fuel could have been used directly; Affected by natural gas price fluctuation.

Gasification: Decomposition of heavy hydrocarbons and biomass into hydrogen and other gases.

The principle of large-scale is clear; Can be used for solids and liquids; Rich resources.

It is less hydrogen rich than methane; Low efficiency; High carbon dioxide emission in coal; Raw materials need pretreatment; Clean before use; Biomass gasification is still in pilot scale; The energy density of biomass is low.

Electrolytic water

The principle is clear; Mature commercialization technology; Produce high-purity hydrogen; modularization; Convenient use of renewable power; It is an ideal choice for distributed production.

Electricity price has a great impact on the cost of hydrogen; The efficiency of the whole technical chain is low; Need to develop durable high temperature electrolysis module; Competition with direct use of renewable electricity.

Thermochemical cycle: The use of nuclear energy or solar energy to generate cheap high temperature heat energy to decompose water.

Potential low-cost mass production; No greenhouse gas emissions; High efficiency (estimated to be about 50%), international cooperation in R&D and deployment.

Not commercialized; Aggressive chemicals; Process and material technology still need a lot of research and development work; High capital cost; High temperature nuclear reactors need to be deployed.

Biological production: algae and bacteria directly produce hydrogen under certain conditions.

Potential huge resources; No raw materials are required.

Hydrogen production is slow and covers a large area; poor efficiency; No suitable organism has been found; It is still at the R&D level.

The power of a single nuclear reactor is generally about one million kilowatts, which is especially suitable for large-scale centralized production of energy and can be used as a base load power supply. One of the main advantages of nuclear energy supply is the elimination of supply uncertainty and the sensitivity of energy prices to fluctuations in the prices of oil, natural gas and other fuels. Nuclear energy, which is efficient and clean, hardly emits air pollutants, is obviously the ideal choice for large-scale concentrated hydrogen production.

Among the six four generation nuclear power technology standards currently formulated, four reactor types have introduced the design of nuclear hydrogen production. China is in the forefront of the world in this regard. At the end of December 2012, the construction of the high-temperature gas cooled reactor demonstration project was started in Shidao Bay and is expected to be completed in 2019; In 2018, the thorium based molten salt reactor experimental reactor was located in Wuwei, Gansu Province, and is expected to be completed by the end of 2020. Both types of reactors can use the high temperature generated by the reactor to produce hydrogen.

Nuclear energy can not only be involved in the hydrogen preparation process through direct high-temperature reaction, but also the heat generated by nuclear energy can be involved in steam reforming hydrogen production, high-temperature electrolysis and other reactions, and even can be used to generate electricity through nuclear energy first, and then to produce hydrogen by electrolysis.

Some experts in China have made an appeal for hydrogen production by nuclear energy. At this year's two sessions of the National People's Political Consultative Conference, Qian Tianlin, member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and director of the Ministry of Science, Technology, Quality and Information Technology of CNNC, said in the "Proposal on Supporting Nuclear Hydrogen Production and Green Metallurgy to be included in the National Science and Technology Major Projects" that currently developed countries have accelerated the layout of hydrogen production and application, and China needs to actively support policies, To win the strategic commanding heights of international competition in the future hydrogen energy era.

Qian Tianlin also said that, "At present, the hydrogen production methods used in the world's industry are mainly fossil fuel reforming, which is difficult to meet the requirements of efficient, large-scale and carbon free hydrogen production in the future. As a clean primary energy, nuclear hydrogen production has developed into a clean, safe and mature technology. Nuclear hydrogen production is a large-scale hydrogen production by coupling nuclear reactors with advanced hydrogen production processes. Nuclear hydrogen production does not produce greenhouse gases With the advantages of water as raw material, high efficiency and large scale, it is an important solution for large-scale hydrogen supply in the future. "

Li Fu, deputy chief engineer of the Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology of Tsinghua University, expressed a similar view. He said: "Low carbon hydrogen, combined with fuel cell technology and the production of high-quality biomass fuel for hydrogenation, is almost the only alternative to current fossil liquid fuels. Nuclear hydrogen production technology can achieve large-scale hydrogen production with low carbon emissions."

The future of nuclear hydrogen production

According to the research of the World Atomic Energy Agency, the future of hydrogen and the potential of nuclear hydrogen production will be driven by the following main factors:

-Production of oil and natural gas;

-Social consensus and government decisions on global climate change gas and carbon dioxide emissions;

-Fossil resources need to be saved for future environment-friendly applications;

-Independence of energy security and foreign oil uncertainty from expanding fuel reserves;

-Economically large-scale hydrogen production and transmission.

It is generally believed that the bottleneck of current nuclear hydrogen production lies in its economy and marketization. To make a difference, it is difficult to promote hydrogen production purely by nuclear energy after the opening of the conventional industrial hydrogen production market. It is more cost-effective to generate electricity by nuclear energy and then use electricity to produce hydrogen through electrolytic water. As a civil energy, natural gas is mature in storage, transportation and use. Hydrogen is similar to natural gas. If the hydrogen production is sufficient, it is also feasible to build infrastructure like natural gas pipeline to transport hydrogen.

Safety is also one of the major factors restricting nuclear hydrogen production. As we all know, hydrogen is a kind of gas that is very easy to burn, colorless, transparent, odorless, tasteless and insoluble in water at normal temperature and pressure. Hydrogen is the gas with the lowest density known in the world. The density of hydrogen is only 1/14 of that of air, and it is very easy to burn. How to ensure the safety of equipment coupled with nuclear power in hydrogen transportation and other related processes is the key and difficult point to be broken through.

We believe that with the deepening of the low-carbon energy revolution and the opening of the hydrogen market, nuclear hydrogen production will soon break through the bottleneck and become the source of development of hydrogen fuel cells.

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