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Fluorite, also known as fluorite, is a common halide mineral. It is a compound composed of calcium fluoride and is an important mineral for extracting fluorine. It emits blue or purple fluorescence under ultraviolet, cathode ray irradiation, or heating, hence its name. Crystals often take the form of cubes, octahedra, or interlaced bicrystals of cubes, with aggregates appearing in granular or block form. Light green, light purple, or colorless transparent, sometimes rose red in color, with white streaks, glassy luster, transparent to opaque. Octahedral cleavage is complete. Mohs hardness 4, specific gravity 3.18.

1、 Application of Fluorite Ore

Fluorite has a wide range of uses, and with the advancement of science and technology, its application prospects are becoming increasingly broad. At present, it is mainly used in three major industries: metallurgy, chemical industry, and building materials, followed by light industry, optics, carving, and special industries. Therefore, according to usage requirements, there are currently four main series of fluorite mineral products in China, namely fluorite stone ore, fluorite concentrate, fluorite powder ore, and optical and carved fluorite.

1. Metallurgical industry

Fluorite has the characteristics of reducing the melting point of refractory substances, promoting slag flow, facilitating the separation of slag and metal, desulfurization and dephosphorization during smelting, and enhancing the malleability and tensile strength of metals. Therefore, it is widely used as a flux in steel smelting, ferroalloy production, ironification processes, and non-ferrous metal smelting. Smelting fluorite ore generally requires a calcium fluoride content greater than 65%, and also has certain requirements for the main impurity silicon dioxide, with strict restrictions on sulfur and phosphorus. The content of sulfur and phosphorus shall not exceed 0.3% and 0.08% respectively. The product quality is implemented in accordance with the national standard GB8216-87 "Fluorite Block Ore" of the People's Republic of China.

2. Chemical industry

Another important use of fluorite is the production of hydrofluoric acid. Hydrofluoric acid is produced by the reaction of acid grade fluorite (fluorite concentrate) with sulfuric acid in a heating furnace or tank. It is divided into anhydrous hydrofluoric acid and aqueous hydrofluoric acid, both of which are colorless liquids, volatile, with a strong pungent odor and strong corrosiveness. It is a key raw material for producing various organic and inorganic fluorides and fluorine elements.

In the aluminum industry, hydrofluoric acid is used to produce aluminum fluoride, artificial cryolite, sodium fluoride, and magnesium fluoride.

In the special and aerospace industries, hydrofluoric acid is mainly used to produce liquid propellants for jet engines and special jet fuel propellants. In the atomic energy industry, hydrofluoric acid is mainly used to produce UF4, which is then fluorinated to produce UF6, and 235U is separated by gas diffusion or gas centrifugation.

Hydrofluoric acid is the basic raw material of organic fluorine chemical industry. It interacts with chloroform and carbon tetrachloride to produce fluorinated chlorinated hydrocarbons and fluorocarbons with low toxicity and high chemical stability. It is used as a refrigerant, aerosol promoter, intermediate of solvent polymers, and fluorocarbon resins and elastomers.

2、 Fluorite ore reserves

Fluorite is mainly produced in hydrothermal veins. Colorless and transparent fluorite crystals are produced in the crystal caves of granite pegmatite or fluorite veins. At present, the reserve production ratio of fluorite, the main source of fluoride, has decreased, and fluorite resources in major fluorite consuming countries and regions have been depleted. China has strengthened its control over fluorite exports, and fluorite prices have gradually risen.

Fluorite mines are distributed globally, with limited exploitable reserves in China. According to data from the United States Geological Survey, fluorite resources are relatively concentrated globally. As of 2009, the world's basic reserves of fluorite were 470 million tons, and the recoverable reserves were 230 million tons, of which South Africa, Mexico, China and Mongolia ranked the top four in the world. The mining output of these four countries accounted for about 45% of the world's total. As the major consumers of fluorite, the United States and Western Europe have exhausted fluorite resources.

In 2009, China's basic reserves of fluorite accounted for 23.4% of the global basic reserves. The proven recoverable reserves of fluorite were 21 million tons, accounting for only 9.13% of the world's reserves, far lower than South Africa and Mexico's 41 million tons and 32 million tons, respectively. Among them, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, and Zhejiang's basic reserves accounted for 38.90%, 16.70%, and 16.10% of the total domestic reserves, while other provinces only had 27.80%. Although China has abundant reserves of fluorite resources, its exploitable reserves are only about 21 million tons, accounting for less than 10% of the global total. The grade of fluorite ore in China is generally between 35% and 40%; Among them, only 30 million tons of rich minerals, accounting for 23.8% of the total reserves, account for ≥ 65%; However, less than 10 million tons of high-grade rich ore account for ≥ 80%. About 874 fluorite deposits and mineral occurrences have been discovered. The global reserve production ratio is only 38, while China's reserve production ratio is 6. According to the current recoverable reserves of fluorite and the production in 2008, the global fluorite reserve production ratio is only 38, and China's reserve production ratio has dropped to 6.

China restricts the export price of fluorite. As the main exporter of fluorite, China has taken measures to protect its domestic fluorite resources, such as implementing a quota system for fluorite exports, imposing high tariffs from export tax rebates, controlling the total amount of fluorite mining, and generally not accepting new applications for exploration and mining registration of fluorite mines.

Extracting fluoride from apatite is one of the future ways to obtain fluoride resources; Can protect the gradually decreasing fluorite mineral resources; The development of advanced fluorine-containing fine chemicals will be the inevitable way out for domestic fluorine chemical industry.

3、 Prospect analysis of fluorite ore

As one of the new chemical materials, fluorine chemical industry will be listed as a special plan in the 12th Five Year Plan. The plan is to carry out mandatory resource integration and achieve a basic cessation of exports of fluorite and hydrofluoric acid, reducing exports by more than half. The main component of fluorite is calcium fluoride, which is a "usable and non renewable" resource. China's fluorite reserves are half of the world's, with only 1/10 of the proven recoverable reserves, yet the production is as high as 1/2. Due to scarce resources, the country has adopted a fluorite export quota system since 1999, but fluorite is still being exported in large quantities. The total amount of fluorite exported directly and indirectly reached 10.95 million tons, accounting for about 8.4% of the proven reserves of major fluorite resource provinces in China. The 12th Five Year Plan for Fluorochemical Industry has proposed the goal of optimizing the export structure. In addition to restricting exports, the policy also plans to integrate fluorite resources and strengthen control over them. The basic idea is to put the resources under state control, with large state-owned enterprises playing a leading role in the integration. Enterprises in the fluorine chemical industry with state-owned assets include ChemChina, ChemChina, Juhua Corporation, and Sanaifu, among which Juhua Corporation and Sanaifu are listed companies. According to authoritative sources, the situation in the fluorite industry is similar to that of rare earths, and the policy will closely follow rare earths. It is expected to be introduced in the first half of 2011. Due to the fact that fluorine chemical industry belongs to the fourth category of monitored chemicals in the "Regulations on the Administration of Controlled Chemicals of the People's Republic of China", a permit system will be implemented for production after future policy adjustments.

While controlling resources, the 12th Five Year Plan for Fluorochemical Industry also proposes to better leverage resource advantages, achieve the exchange of resources for technology, and promote China's upgrading from an industrial powerhouse to an industrial powerhouse. The domestic fluorine chemical industry mainly focuses on primary products, but there is a significant gap in high-end products, with outdated technology, equipment, production control, and other aspects. The plan proposes that enterprises should focus on developing electrolyte lithium hexafluorophosphate for lithium-ion batteries, key raw materials for fluorinated surfactants such as fluorocarbon alcohols, and new fluorinated intermediates for new varieties of pharmaceuticals and pesticides, in order to achieve industrial transformation and upgrading.

After 8 years of scientific research and development, Dongyue Group's 100% domestically produced perfluorinated ion membrane was successfully electrified in a 10000 ton chlor alkali plant, breaking the long-standing monopoly of the United States and Japan on this technology and boosting national morale. This marks China becoming the third country in the world to possess core technology and production capacity for chlor alkali ion membranes. At the same time, the production facility of 500 tons per year for manufacturing sulfonic acid resin ion membranes, the core material of fuel cells, completed by "Dongyue", has been completed and put into operation, solving the major bottleneck in hydrogen fuel cell production. China has thus become the second country in the world to possess this technology and industrialization capability. The raw material of ion exchange membrane is fluorite, which is mainly composed of calcium fluoride and is a non renewable strategic resource. It is the source of developing fluorine chemical industry. The global reserves of fluorite resources are about 600 million tons, and China's reserves account for 54%, ranking first in the world. Due to its environmental and energy-saving characteristics, ion membrane electrolysis is currently the most advanced caustic soda production process in the world. Ionic membrane electrolysis cell and ion membrane are the core devices of chlor alkali plant, and the perfluorinated sulfonic acid carboxylic acid ion membrane (referred to as perfluorinated ion membrane) installed on the electrolysis cell plays a key role.

The main reasons for the price increase of fluorite products are the reduction in supply and the increase in resource tax. At present, the price of fluorite is relatively stable, and it is expected that the price will enter a slow upward phase in the future.

The Notice on Strengthening the Production Control of Refractory Clay and Fluorite issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in January 2011 proposed that the dual total amount control of mining and production of refractory clay and fluorite should be implemented, so that the mining output and production volume can be linked and reduced year by year. The "Entry Conditions for the Fluorite Industry" have been implemented since March 1st.

The fluorite resource tax has been adjusted from 3 yuan/ton to 20 yuan/ton since June 1st.

4、 A-shares involve listed companies in fluorite mines

1. Juhua Corporation (600160)

The largest fluorine chemical production base in China is located in Quzhou, Zhejiang Province, which gathers about 40% of the country's fluorite resources. Fluorite (calcium fluoride CaF2) is the foundation of fluorine chemical industry. In industry, fluorite and concentrated sulfuric acid are used to produce hydrofluoric acid. When heated to 250 degrees Celsius, these two substances react to produce hydrogen fluoride (HF). Hydrofluoric acid has a strong ability to dissolve oxides and is used as an electrolyte in aluminum electrolysis, while lithium battery electrolytes are also fluorides. Juhua Corporation possesses a complete set of production technology for lithium hexafluorophosphate and produces anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, an upstream raw material for lithium hexafluorophosphate. Both Juhua Corporation's website and Juhua Corporation have investment projects for lithium hexafluorophosphate in Quzhou, Zhejiang Province. The prosperity of lithium-ion batteries will drive the fluorine chemical industry chain of upstream electrolyte lithium hexafluorophosphate, and Juhua Corporation is facing great opportunities. Fluorite resources are the richest in the country, and fluorite is an irreplaceable and non renewable strategic resource. Fluorine chemical industry is the core industry of Juhua Group, and the company has become a production base representing the advanced level of China's fluorine chemical industry. The company has expressed its intention to become an internationally renowned fluorine chemical enterprise, join the world's advanced fluorine chemical industry, and compete on the same stage as the world's advanced fluorine chemical enterprises. [Friends of Retail Investors/Collected and Organized] Juhua Group has a complete fluorine chemical industry chain. In 2008, it acquired Kaisheng Company, which has two anhydrous hydrofluoric acid production lines with annual production capacities of 12000 tons and 15000 tons respectively, which greatly helps to improve Juhua Group's self-sufficiency rate in anhydrous hydrofluoric acid. Lithium hexafluorophosphate used in lithium battery electrolytes is a shining pearl in today's fluorine industry. Quzhou City's "Eleventh Five Year Plan" for scientific and technological development plans to vigorously research and develop high-purity grade hydrofluoric acid, lithium hexafluorophosphate and other electronic fluorine chemical products. Juhua Corporation has advanced fluorine chemical technology and abundant fluorine raw materials, and will become the development leader in producing anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, an upstream raw material for lithium hexafluorophosphate.

2. Yili Energy (600277):

China's fluorite resources are concentrated in the Ordos region of Inner Mongolia, among which Yili Technology (600277) has abundant reserves of fluorite resources and is the largest producer of sodium sulfide series products in China. The company also produces 300000 tons of sodium sulfide powder, 250000 tons of sun dried nitrate, 800000 tons of crystalline nitrate, and 80000 tons of industrial salt annually. Yili Technology has obtained a mineral mining license from the group, and according to geological survey data, it can be used for the company to mine for more than 50 years. The assets to be injected by the group, the fluorine chemical industrial park to be built by Yili Group, rely on the local advantages of cheap resources such as fluorite, sulfuric acid, coal, and electricity, and have exclusive monopoly on mining mineral resources, with an annual output of 10000 tons of AHF (anhydrous hydrofluoric acid); 3000 tons of TEF (tetrafluoroethylene); 1500 tons of PTEF (polytetrafluoroethylene) will become the largest fluorine chemical base in western China.

◆ Involving fluorine chemical listed companies:

Shanghai Sanaifu New Materials Co., Ltd., Duofuduo, ST Baocheng, Yongtai Technology, Dongyue Group, and Fulong Thermal Power, among others.

San Ai Fu (600636): Shanghai San Ai Fu New Materials Co., Ltd.'s products are widely used in various fields such as industry, agriculture, specialty, specialty, medicine, and civilian use. The domestic market share of the company's products such as perfluoroethylene propylene and fluororubber is over 50%. The variety and production of polyvinylidene fluoride are the top in China, and the variety and sales of polytetrafluoroethylene are among the top in the domestic industry. The production facility for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) substitutes built by the company at its Changshu base is the largest and most comprehensive in China, making it the largest substitute production base in the country. Meanwhile, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project is one of the largest projects in the world.

Duofuduo (002407): The company will further strengthen the research and development of high-tech and high value-added inorganic fluoride new products, expand the production scale of high-performance fluoride salt products such as high molecular weight cryolite and anhydrous aluminum fluoride. It is expected to form a production capacity of 300000 tons of fluoride salt in 2011 and build a 1000 ton/year production line for lithium hexafluorophosphate (the largest in China). ST Baocheng (600892): The second largest shareholder of the company is China Huaxing Fluorochemical Investment Group. Its subsidiary Huaxing Fluorochemical has five fluorite ore flotation production lines and two fluorite ore dry grinding production lines, with an annual production capacity of 120000 tons of acid grade fluorite powder and 30000 tons of ceramic grade fluorite powder. In addition, it also has an annual production capacity of 30000 tons of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid, 20000 tons of Freon and other products.

Yongtai Technology (002326): The company is one of the domestic manufacturers of fluorine fine chemicals with the most complete product chain and the largest production capacity. It is located in Taizhou, Zhejiang, near the fluorite production area.

Fulong Thermal Power (000426): The major shareholder of the company, Xingye Group, owns Ying'an Mining (fluorite mining and selection) in Xilinhot City.

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