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Lithium batteries are a type of battery that uses lithium metal or lithium alloy as the negative electrode material and non-aqueous electrolyte solutions. In 1912, lithium-metal batteries were first developed by Gilbert N Lewis proposed and studied. In the 1970s, M S. WhitTingham proposed and began researching lithium forklift batteries. Due to the highly reactive chemical properties of lithium metal, the processing, storage, and use of lithium metal have very high environmental requirements. So, lithium batteries have not been applied for a long time.

Working principle of lithium forklift batteries:

lithium forklift batteries generally use lithium alloy metal oxides as the positive electrode material, graphite as the negative electrode material, and non-aqueous electrolytes.

The reaction that occurs on the charging positive electrode is: LiCoO2==Li (1-x) CoO2+XLi++Xe - (electron)

The reaction that occurs on the charging negative electrode is: 6C+XLi++Xe -=LixC6

Total reaction of rechargeable battery: LiCoO2+6C=Li (1-x) CoO2+LixC6

positive electrode

Positive electrode material: There are many optional positive electrode materials, and mainstream products mostly use lithium iron phosphate. Comparison of different positive electrode materials:

Positive electrode reaction: Lithium ion insertion during discharge and lithium ion deintercalation during charging. When charging: LiFePO4 → Li1-xFePO4+xLi++xe - When discharging: Li1-xFePO4+xLi++xe - → LiFePO4.

negative electrode

Negative electrode material: mostly graphite is used. New research has found that titanate may be a better material.

Negative electrode reaction: lithium ion deintercalation during discharge and lithium ion insertion during charging.

When charging: xLi++xe -+6C → LixC6

During discharge: LixC6 → xLi++xe -+6C

2、 Introduction to lead-acid batteries

Lead acid battery (VRLA) is a type of battery where the electrodes are mainly made of lead and its oxides, and the electrolyte is a sulfuric acid solution. In the discharge state of lead-acid batteries, the main component of the positive electrode is lead dioxide, and the main component of the negative electrode is lead; In the charging state, the main component of the positive and negative electrodes is lead sulfate.

The nominal voltage of a single cell lead-acid battery is 2.0V, which can discharge up to 1.5V and charge up to 2.4V. In applications, six single cell lead-acid batteries are often connected in series to form a nominal 12V lead-acid battery. There are also 24V, 36V, 48V, etc.

Main characteristics of lead-acid batteries

Safe sealing

During normal operation, the electrolyte will not leak from the terminals or casing of the battery. No free acids

The special suction partition keeps the acid inside, and there is no free acid inside the battery, so the battery can be placed in any position.

Air release system

After the internal pressure of the battery exceeds the normal level, the VRLA battery will release excess gas and automatically reseal to ensure that there is no excess gas inside the battery.

Easy maintenance

Due to the gas recombination system converting the generated gas into water, there is no need to add water during the use of VRLA batteries.

Long service life

The VRLA battery, which adopts a corrosion-resistant structure and a lead calcium alloy fence board, can be used for floating charging for 10-15 years.

Stable quality and high reliability

By adopting advanced production processes and strict quality control systems, VRLA batteries have stable quality and reliable performance. 100% inspection of voltage, capacity, and sealing on the line.

Security certification

All VRLA batteries have passed UL safety certification.

Application of lead-acid batteries

Backup power supply

*Telecommunications

*Solar energy system

*Electronic switch system

*Communication equipment: base stations, PBX, CATV, WLL, ONU, STB, cordless phones, etc

*Backup power supply: UPS, ECR, computer backup system, Sequence, ETC, etc

*Emergency equipment: emergency lights, fire and theft alarms, fire dampers

Main power supply

*Communication equipment: transceiver

*Electric controlled locomotives: collection vehicles, automatic transport vehicles, electric wheelchairs, cleaning robots, electric vehicles, etc

*Mechanical tool starters: lawn mowers, hedgetrimmers, cordless drills, electric screwdrivers, electric sleds, etc

*Industrial equipment/instruments

*Camera: flash, VTR/VCR, movie lights, etc

We know that energy storage products should generally be compared from the perspectives of weight energy density, volume energy density, service life, price, applicability, national policies, etc

Weight energy density

At present, the energy density of lithium batteries is generally between 200-260wh/g, and lead-acid is generally between 50-70wh/g. Therefore, the weight energy density of lithium batteries is 3-5 times that of lead-acid batteries. This means that under the same capacity, lead-acid batteries are 3-5 times that of lithium batteries. Therefore, in terms of lightweight energy storage devices, lithium batteries have an absolute advantage.

Volumetric energy density

The volume capacity density of lithium batteries is usually about 1.5 times that of lead-acid batteries, so under the same capacity, the volume of lithium batteries is about 30% smaller than that of lead-acid batteries.

Usage cycle

The currently popular material systems are ternary and iron lithium. The cycle times of ternary power type lithium batteries are usually more than 1000 times, the cycle times of iron phosphate lithium batteries are more than 2000 times, and the cycle times of lead-acid batteries are usually only about 300-350 times. Therefore, the service life of lithium batteries is about 3-6 times that of lead-acid batteries.

price

At present, lithium batteries are about three times more expensive than lead-acid batteries in terms of price. However, based on the analysis of service life, investing the same cost still results in a longer service life for lithium batteries.

Applicability

Lithium batteries have slightly lower safety compared to lead-acid batteries, so various safety precautions need to be taken during use, such as preventing external forces or accidents from damaging the lithium battery, as this may cause fire or explosion; At present, the temperature applicability of lithium batteries is also very good, so in other adaptability aspects, lithium batteries are no less than lead-acid batteries.

Usage scenarios

Lead acid batteries: car starting, electric vehicle batteries,

Lithium batteries: used for mobile phones, computers, electric tools, and now also for electric vehicle batteries.

Internal materials

The positive and negative electrodes of lead-acid batteries are lead oxide, metallic lead, and the electrolyte is concentrated sulfuric acid,

The positive and negative electrodes of lithium batteries are lithium cobalt oxide/lithium iron phosphate/lithium manganese oxide, graphite, and organic electrolytes.

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