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The internal resistance of lithium-ion batteries is very high because the electrolyte inside is colloid rather than aqueous solution. In addition, the electrode material with extremely low water content and stable physical and chemical properties also enables the lithium ion battery to work safely in a wide temperature range. Individual lithium-ion batteries can work at a low temperature of - 55 ℃ and a high temperature of+150 ℃. The rated output voltage of lithium-ion battery is 2.7~3.6V.

Electrode materials for lithium ion batteries

Different electrode materials will give different characteristics to lithium-ion batteries, which are mainly reflected in the following aspects:

● Rated voltage, minimum voltage and maximum voltage;

● Initial discharge current, average discharge current and maximum discharge current;

● Continuous discharge performance and intermittent discharge performance;

● Voltage fluctuation and discharge time when connecting the minimum load and maximum load (non continuous);

● Service life;

● Ambient temperature range;

● Maximum discharge current at the lowest operating temperature;

● The minimum time for voltage rise to reach the lower limit;

● Storage time and storage conditions;

There are many kinds of lithium-ion batteries, including lithium-polyethylene, lithium-manganese dioxide, lithium-thionyl chloride, lithium-sulfur dioxide and lithium-ion iodide batteries. (See the following table for details)

The output voltage of polyethylene battery is 2.8V, and its bulk density is relatively high. Cylindrical polyethylene battery adopts spiral cathode and is sealed with artificial corrugated rubber. Although this structure is relatively firm, in some special circumstances, the battery life has not been exhausted, and the rubber sealing material has been aged and damaged, resulting in leakage of active material and causing accidents.

Compared with polyethylene lithium ion battery, LiMnO2 battery has more advantages in structural strength, bulk density, safety and output capacity, but its service life is only half of that of the former. The internal resistance of this kind of battery is lower than that of other batteries, so it is very suitable for equipment that needs large current to supply power continuously (or for a short time).

The active material of lithium iodide battery is completely solid, so its safety is the best. The battery is designed with an isolation layer inside. When the shell is damaged by external impact, the isolation layer can play a self-healing role. The biggest disadvantage of lithium iodide battery is its large internal resistance, which is not suitable for small load equipment.

LiSO2 battery is the most widely used in the special/aerospace field. However, the bulk density of this battery is lower than that of LiMnO2 battery and polyethylene battery, and its service life and bulk density are only half that of LiSOCl2 battery.

Among all lithium-ion batteries, LiSOCl2 battery has the highest energy density and its service life is second to none, reaching 15-20 years. This kind of battery is especially suitable for equipment with small continuous power supply current and large short-term power supply current. Due to its long service life and small self-discharge, this kind of battery has excellent environmental resistance.

There are two common internal structures of LiSOCl2 battery: one is spiral winding type, and the other is laminated winding type. In addition, the PulsesPlus battery also adopts a composite structure, that is, a composite capacitor is added to the laminated winding structure.

In fact, except for LiSOCl2 battery with laminated winding structure, other lithium ion batteries adopt spiral winding structure. The spiral winding structure can improve the load capacity, but compared with the laminated winding structure, its capacity is smaller and its self-discharge is more significant.

The LiSOCl2 battery with laminated winding structure is especially suitable for equipment with small load current because of its high energy density, low self-discharge rate and service life of more than 10 years. The battery with laminated winding structure has large capacity and small volume, can withstand the temperature range of - 55~+150 ℃, and has good resistance to pressure, temperature and impact.

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