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With the continuous development of the global economy, the energy crisis is gradually deepening, and environmental awareness is constantly increasing. As a new energy and environmentally friendly low-carbon power battery industry, lithium-ion batteries have developed rapidly. With their excellent performance and mature technology, lithium-ion batteries have become the mainstream development direction of many power batteries. Lithium ion batteries are mainly composed of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolyte, and a separator. They rely on the movement of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes to work, and have the ability to charge repeatedly. With the continuous breakthroughs in material types, performance technologies, and effective control of production costs, the advantages of lightweight, long range, wide applicability, high energy density, and high output power of lithium-ion batteries will gradually be reflected, and they will be developed as the main type of power battery for new energy vehicles today.
1、 Positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries
At present, the positive electrode materials for lithium-ion power batteries used in industrial applications both domestically and internationally include lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, ternary (nickel cobalt manganese oxide lithium, nickel cobalt aluminum oxide lithium), and lithium nickel oxide materials; The main production enterprises include Hunan Shanshan New Materials Co., Ltd., Hunan Ruixiang New Materials Co., Ltd., Peking University Advanced Technology Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing Dangsheng Material Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin Bamo Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo Jinhe New Materials Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Tianjiao Technology Co., Ltd., etc.
1. Main positive electrode materials
The capacity of lithium cobalt oxide can reach 140mAh/g, with light weight, small size, stable charging and discharging voltage, high conductivity, and simple production process; The preparation methods include high-temperature solid phase method, sol gel method, precipitation method, spray drying method, and hydrothermal synthesis method; However, high raw material prices, poor thermal stability, and serious pollution issues limit its application in electric vehicles.
Lithium nickel oxide has a capacity of 190~210mAh/g, low environmental pollution and self discharge rate. The synthesis methods include high-temperature solid phase method and sol gel method; But it has poor thermal stability and rapid capacity decay.
2. Research and development of positive electrode materials
The research and development of nickel cobalt manganese and nickel cobalt aluminum ternary materials mainly focuses on improving the volumetric energy ratio, enhancing low-temperature performance, and improving the safety of batteries; By adjusting the composition ratio of materials, performance can be controlled. In order to further improve the energy density of batteries, positive electrode materials will be developed towards silicate composite materials, layered lithium rich manganese based materials, and sulfur based materials; Developing towards reversible materials with higher lithium insertion capacity and good lithium deintercalation performance. The research on material structure tends to focus on layered and spinel structures.
3. Development trend of positive electrode materials
(1) Material modification
The stability of the surface structure of stable electrode materials is mainly achieved through graphene modification and surface modification, which improves the conductivity and high-temperature cycling performance of the material, and reduces the capacity decay of the material.
(2) Ion doping
Ion doping mainly involves doping metal elements such as aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), and magnesium (Mg) into transition metals and non-metallic elements at the oxygen site, and doping conductive metal ions into positive electrode materials to improve lithium ion diffusion rate, conductivity, electrochemical performance, and stability. It is necessary to further study the specific mechanism of doping modification in order to better utilize doping to improve material properties.
2、 Negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries
The negative electrode material of lithium-ion power batteries should have high conductivity, be able to accommodate a large amount of lithium ions, and have good stability. At present, most negative electrode materials use graphite structured carbon materials, which are generally made by mixing carbon materials, binders, and additives in a certain proportion and coating them on copper foil through drying and rolling; In addition, there are silicon-based materials, tin based materials, lithium titanate materials, etc. The main manufacturers of negative electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries in China include Shenzhen Barrett Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai Shanshan Technology Co., Ltd., Jiangxi Zichen Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Snow Industrial Development Co., Ltd., Hunan Xingyuan Technology Development Co., Ltd., Jiangxi Zhengtuo New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., etc.
1. Main negative electrode materials
The negative electrode materials of lithium-ion batteries are mainly graphite based materials, including artificial graphite, natural graphite, soft/hard carbon and intermediate phase carbon microspheres, and lithium titanate; The negative electrode materials under research include titanium oxide, tin carbon composites, silicon composites, carbon nanotubes, and graphite new materials.
2. Research and development of negative electrode materials
At present, the research on negative electrode materials mainly focuses on embedded, alloyed, and transformed types; The main research and development materials include hard carbon, soft carbon, and silicon carbon; Improve process maturity, stability, and efficiency; At present, the most researched negative electrode materials include nanoscale silicon and silicon alloys (mainly to solve the problem of rapid capacity decay caused by large volume changes in silicon negative electrode materials), metal oxides (iron oxide, titanium oxide) replacing graphite, and improving its conductivity by coating or controlling its material particle size and morphology. Alloy research mainly focuses on the nanoization and multi-component composite of materials. New negative electrode materials such as carbon nanotubes and graphite are currently being studied, which will bring new opportunities and challenges to the development of lithium-ion batteries.
3. Development trend of negative electrode materials
(1) Optimization of graphite negative electrode
Ion doping can effectively improve the power characteristics and cycling stability of materials, while encapsulation treatment effectively suppresses particle growth and increases electronic conductivity, resulting in good electrochemical performance
(2) Nanomaterialization of materials
Carbon nanotubes and graphene are representative examples, and dispersed spherical nanostructures have a higher specific surface area, which can significantly improve the material's specific capacity, cycling performance, and rate performance.
3、 Lithium ion battery separator material
The cost of the separator accounts for about 20% of the battery cost and is an important component of battery materials. Its main function is to isolate the positive and negative electrodes of the battery, ensure battery safety, and achieve charging and discharging functions. The main requirement is good insulation. As a polymer functional material, membranes have broad development prospects, high added value, low cost, and promising benefits. Domestic diaphragm production enterprises mainly include Xingyuan Electronic Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Beijing Taihe Zhongke Technology Co., Ltd., Foshan Jinhui High tech Optoelectronic Materials Co., Ltd., Chongqing Mingzhu Plastic Co., Ltd., Henan Yiteng New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., and Nantong Tianfeng Dianzi New Materials Co., Ltd.
1. Main diaphragm materials
In order to facilitate gas diffusion, lithium ion power battery separator materials with good breathability and thin thickness should be selected, generally polyolefin microporous film materials, including polyethylene single-layer film, polypropylene single-layer film, and double-layer or 3-layer composite film of two materials, with a film thickness of about 10-20 μ m. The research direction of membranes mainly focuses on improving strength, stability, and porosity.
2. Research and development of diaphragm materials
At present, there is overcapacity in the low-end diaphragm market, but there is still a certain gap in quality between the high-end diaphragm market and foreign products, with issues of quality uniformity and stability. The market is in short supply and heavily relies on imports from a few countries such as Japan and the United States.

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