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What is the "miracle" of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles
The four key materials for lithium-ion batteries are positive electrode, negative electrode, separator, and electrolyte.
Positive electrode material: The positive electrode is an important factor that determines the performance and cost of lithium batteries, and is also a key factor that restricts the further improvement of battery capacity; It is a key technological breakthrough direction for improving battery energy density, from lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and ternary to high nickel ternary, battery energy density continues to increase. Positive electrode materials account for 20% -30% of the production cost of power batteries.
Performance comparison of positive electrode materials
With the increase of government subsidies for pure electric vehicles, the energy density of power batteries is required to be higher and higher. The most promising positive electrode material for power lithium batteries currently is ternary materials (NCM/NCA). As the proportion of nickel content in positive electrode materials increases, battery energy density improves, safety performance decreases, and preparation difficulty increases, the mainstream ternary materials 333, 523, and 622 NCMs have all achieved mass production domestically, while there are few manufacturers that can produce 811 NCMs.
Negative electrode material: It is an important component of lithium-ion batteries, and high-performance negative electrode materials have high specific energy, low electrode potential relative to lithium electrodes, good possibility of charge and discharge reactions, and good compatibility with electrolytes, accounting for about 10% -15% of the cost of lithium-ion batteries.
Performance comparison of negative electrode materials
Taking into account both cost and performance, currently artificial graphite is the main negative electrode material for batteries, and in the future, silicon carbon negative electrodes will be used as a breakthrough to enhance the energy of lithium batteries.
Electrolyte: Known as the "blood" of lithium-ion batteries, it bears the responsibility of transporting lithium-ion and is the guarantee for lithium-ion batteries to obtain high voltage, high specific energy and other advantages. At the same time, it also affects the safety of lithium-ion batteries to a certain extent, and its cost accounts for about 5% -10% of the production cost of lithium-ion batteries.
Function: Lithium battery electrolyte is an ionic conductor containing lithium salts dissolved in organic solvents. It is a carrier for ion transport in batteries and plays a role in transferring energy between the positive and negative electrodes of the battery.
Composition: Electrolytes are generally composed of high-purity organic solvents, electrolytes, additives, and other materials that are configured in a certain proportion under certain conditions.
Organic solvents
Common electrolyte systems: EC+DMC, EC+DE, EC+DMC+EMC, EC+DMC+DEC, etc.
Electrolyte lithium salt
Common electrolyte lithium salts: lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiCLO4). Considering cost and safety, lithium hexafluorophosphate is currently the most commonly used.
additive
the diaphragm
Main function: Separate the positive and negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries, allowing only electrolyte ions to pass through to prevent short circuits caused by contact between the two poles.
Performance: The performance of the separator determines the interface structure, internal resistance, and other characteristics of the battery, directly affecting its capacity, cycling, and safety performance.
Classification: For different lithium battery series, due to the electrolyte being an organic solvent system, high-strength thin film polyolefin porous membranes are generally used as diaphragm materials that require resistance to organic solvents.
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