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What is the Appropriate Charging Current for Lithium-Ion Batteries?

There is no unified standard for this. It depends on the type of lithium-ion battery and whether it supports fast-charging technology. Only after knowing these can we understand what an appropriate charging current for the lithium-ion battery is. After understanding the type and properties of the lithium-ion battery, how is the charging current of the lithium-ion battery calculated? It is determined by the chemicals within the lithium-ion battery itself. Therefore, the performance of the charging integrated circuit (IC) should be configured according to the charging characteristics of the lithium-ion battery itself to achieve correct, safe, and efficient use of the lithium-ion battery.

The charging current of a lithium-ion battery is determined according to its capacity. The larger the current, the less likely the battery is to be fully charged. All these measures are taken to protect the normal use of the lithium-ion battery, because overcharging and overdischarging can lead to leakage, functional failure, or even explosion of the lithium-ion battery.

Regarding the charging current of the lithium-ion battery during the fast-charging stage, as a dynamic process, the optimal charging current of the lithium-ion battery actually consists of three stages.

1. Optimal Current during Pre-Charging: When the initial/no-load voltage of a lithium-ion battery is lower than the pre-charging threshold, it first goes through a pre-charging stage. For a single lithium-ion battery, this threshold is generally 3.0V. During this stage, the pre-charging current is approximately 10% of the current in the next stage - the constant current charging stage.

2. Optimal Current during Constant Current Charging: The so-called constant current means that the current is constant while the voltage gradually increases, and at this point, it enters the fast-charging stage. The constant current charging current for most batteries is set between 0.4 and 0.6C, which can be understood as 0.5C. That is to say, without considering other factors, it can be fully charged in about two hours. The reason for choosing 0.5C is that this current strikes a good balance between charging time and charging safety.

3. Charging Current during Constant Voltage Charging: For a single lithium-ion battery, when the battery reaches a certain voltage value, it enters the constant voltage charging stage. This voltage value is generally 4.2V. During this stage, the voltage remains unchanged while the current decreases. This decrease in current is a sequential decreasing process. Most lithium-ion battery protections choose 0.01C as the termination current, which means that the charging process is coming to an end. Once the charging is completed, the charging current drops to zero.

The core of the optimal charging current for lithium-ion batteries lies in the current design during constant current charging. It should be emphasized here that most portable lithium-ion batteries are preferably designed to be charged at 0.5C. For example, the conventional capacity of an 18650 lithium-ion battery is 1800 - 2600mAh, and 1A can be chosen for charging. For the high-rate type with a capacity of 1200 - 1500mAh, the 0.5C charging current is 0.7A. Strictly speaking, the maximum charging current of a lithium-ion battery is determined by the battery structure. Therefore, different lithium-ion battery manufacturers have different regulations on this. Some set it as 0.6C, and the highest regulation for portable lithium-ion batteries is 1C.

How is the Charging Current of Lithium-Ion Batteries Calculated?

The maximum charging current that a lithium-ion battery can accept is usually 1C or even smaller. The charging current of a lithium-ion battery is usually marked on the charger. You can have a look. Usually, lithium-ion batteries adopt the charging mode of constant current first and then constant voltage. When the charger reaches the limited voltage, it will conduct trickle charging. So, if you want to calculate the charging time, divide the battery capacity by the charging current, add the conversion losses, and finally add about one hour.

Lithium iron phosphate batteries can generally use a charging and discharging current of 1C or higher (15C), so they are more suitable for use as power lithium-ion batteries. The theory of charging time for 18650 batteries is the same as that for all secondary batteries, that is, the charging time of a battery is equal to the ratio of the nominal capacity to the charging current. However, since impedance will occur inside the lithium-ion battery during charging, the charging time of 18650 batteries should take into account the factor of overcoming this impedance.

Other Knowledge and Information Related to Battery Charging:

What are the New Fast-Charging Battery Materials?

Does a Charging Battery Have an Optimal State?

Charging Methods for Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries

Usage Methods for Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries

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