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Zinc manganese batteries can be divided into ordinary zinc manganese batteries and alkaline zinc manganese batteries.

Ordinary zinc manganese battery: The positive electrode is graphite rod and manganese dioxide (MnO2), the negative electrode material is zinc sheet, and the electrolyte is a starch paste of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2). Due to the presence of graphite rods on the positive electrode, ordinary zinc manganese batteries are sometimes referred to as carbon batteries.

Alkaline zinc manganese battery: The positive electrode is manganese dioxide, the negative electrode is zinc, and potassium hydroxide (KOH) is commonly used as the electrolyte. Alkaline batteries can be considered as upgraded products of ordinary zinc manganese batteries.

The overall performance of alkaline zinc manganese batteries is higher than that of ordinary zinc manganese batteries:

The capacity of alkaline batteries is significantly higher than that of ordinary batteries, about 3-8 times that of the latter;

The discharge capacity of alkaline batteries is significantly higher than that of ordinary batteries, making them more suitable for high current discharge;

The storage period of alkaline batteries can reach 3-7 years, which is 3-7 times that of ordinary batteries;

The raw material utilization rate of alkaline batteries is higher, such as zinc utilization rate, which is 3-8 times higher than that of ordinary batteries.

So alkaline zinc manganese batteries are better than ordinary zinc manganese batteries.

Alkaline zinc manganese batteries are batteries made with zinc as the negative electrode, manganese dioxide as the positive electrode, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte, and adopt a reverse polarity structure.

brief introduction

A primary battery with zinc as the negative electrode, manganese dioxide as the positive electrode, and potassium hydroxide solution as the electrolyte. Abbreviated as alkaline manganese battery, commonly known as alkaline battery. Its product line is represented by the letter "LR", followed by the number indicating the battery model.

The alkali manganese battery, which first appeared in German patents, is a wet battery. In 1912, another type of dry battery obtained a German patent. It was not until 1949 that the "Crown" type battery from the American company Yuehua was put into the market. After the successful development of cylindrical structures in 1960, alkaline manganese batteries were able to develop rapidly.

Alkaline zinc manganese batteries are high-performance battery products that upgrade and replace ordinary dry batteries, with two types of batteries: LR6 (No. 5) and LR03 (No. 7). The products are divided into ordinary type (with a mercury content of 0.60%) and micro mercury type (with a mercury content not exceeding 0.025%), and are currently undergoing trial production of mercury free batteries.

Electrode reaction equation

The button battery:

Negative electrode reaction: Zn+2OH -2e -=Zn (OH) 2

Positive electrode reaction: 2MnO2+2H2O+2e -=2MnOOH+2OH-

Total reaction: Zn+2MnO2+H2O=Zn (OH) 2+Mn2O3

General battery:

Negative electrode reaction: Zn+2OH -=Zn (OH) 2+2e -, Zn (OH) 2+2OH -=[Zn (OH) 4] 2-

Positive electrode reaction: MnO2+H2O+e -=MnOOH+OH -, MnOOH+H2O+e -=Mn (OH) 2+OH-

Total reaction: Zn+MnO2+2H2O+2OH -=Mn (OH) 2+[Zn (OH) 4] 2-

(1) Cylindrical battery structure

The alkaline zinc manganese battery has a representative cylindrical shape, which is exactly opposite in structure layout to the cylindrical ordinary zinc manganese battery. In alkaline zinc manganese batteries, the circular positive electrode is adjacent to the inner wall of the container steel cylinder, and the negative electrode is located in the middle of the positive electrode. There is a nail shaped negative current collector, which is welded to the top cover as the negative electrode of the battery, while the steel cylinder is the positive electrode. In order to facilitate and be interchangeable with ordinary zinc manganese batteries, and to avoid confusion between the positive and negative poles during use, the semi-finished alkaline zinc manganese battery is designed and manufactured upside down, with the steel cylinder bottom facing up and the opening facing down. Then, a convex cover (false cover) is placed on the bottom of the steel cylinder, with the positive pole located above; Weld a metal sheet (false bottom) onto the negative electrode lead out body, so that the positive and negative polarity and shape of the alkaline zinc manganese battery are consistent with those of ordinary zinc manganese batteries in appearance.

(2) Roll up battery structure

The structure of the battery is supported by a metal mesh, with the positive and negative electrodes pressed into thin strips and then stacked with a separator to form a spiral (capacitive) structure. The characteristic of this structure is that the positive and negative electrodes have a large active area and low overpotential, which can achieve higher capacity during low-temperature and high current discharge.

(3) Square type monolithic battery structure

The positive and negative electrodes of a square single-cell battery adopt a pole group structure, with the positive and negative electrodes pressed into square thin sheets respectively, and a metal current collector mesh sandwiched in the middle of the pole sheets.

Production method

The most popular alkaline manganese batteries are cylindrical and button shaped, as well as square and flat varieties. The shell of the cylindrical structure battery (see figure) is a nickel plated steel shell with a positive electrode cap, which also serves as the positive electrode collector. The shell is in close contact with electrolytic manganese dioxide and graphite

Alkaline zinc manganese battery

Alkaline zinc manganese battery

A positive electrode ring (cathode) made by pressing carbon black. The middle is filled with zinc paste made of zinc powder and gel lye, namely negative electrode glue (anode), which is inserted with a brass collector. Separate the positive and negative electrodes with alkali resistant liquid absorbing isolation tubes. The negative electrode collector is welded to the negative electrode cap and fitted with a plastic sealing ring. Insert this assembly into the steel shell and seal it with rolled edges. Cover the steel shell with a heat shrinkable film trademark to become a commercial battery. The structure and size specifications of button type alkaline manganese batteries are basically the same as those of zinc silver button type batteries. Typical formula (mass) of active materials in batteries: the positive electrode is electrolytic manganese dioxide 90-92%, graphite powder 8-9%, acetylene black 0.5-1%; The negative electrode is composed of 88-90% mercury zinc powder, 5-7% zinc oxide, 3-4% CMC sodium salt, and an appropriate amount of KOH solution (added). The electrolyte is an 8-12 NKOH solution, in which an appropriate amount of zinc oxide is dissolved.

Performance characteristics

The nominal voltage of alkaline manganese batteries is 1.5V, with a maximum voltage of 1.65V. Compared with ordinary zinc manganese batteries, their discharge performance has the following characteristics: ① low internal resistance, able to operate continuously under heavy loads while maintaining a high stable voltage; ② MnO2 has a high utilization rate, and compared to cardboard batteries with the same volume, its charge is about twice as large; ③ The self discharge rate during the storage period is small, and it can generally maintain 85% of the original charge after 3 years of storage, with a longer lifespan Good low-temperature performance, able to output 25% of the normal temperature charge at -20 ℃, and can also work at lower temperatures under light loads; ⑤ Under specific design and strictly controlled usage conditions, it can be repeatedly charged and used as an inexpensive battery. Doping MnO2 with titanium or other metal oxides can improve the charging performance of MnO2.

Variety specifications and usage

The specifications of the main varieties of commonly used cylindrical alkaline manganese batteries are shown in the table. The charge capacity of button type alkaline manganese batteries is about 55% of that of zinc silver button type batteries of the same size. Common models include LR41, LR43, LR44, LR54, and LR55, which have the same size specifications as their corresponding zinc silver button batteries.

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