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1. Nickel hydrogen batteries have developed early and are already very mature, but the current process technology seems a bit outdated. The biggest drawback is the memory effect, which affects the convenience and durability of use;
2. The development of lithium batteries is relatively late, but the technology is developing rapidly. Currently, most of the research and development is focused on lithium battery technology. The biggest advantage is that there is no memory effect, but the disadvantage is that the cost of lithium batteries is relatively high.
The nickel hydrogen battery technology is relatively old, but the process is mature, especially in Toyota's hybrid system, which has been using nickel hydrogen batteries for three generations. Its reliability, lifespan, and safety have been quite guaranteed.
Lithium ion batteries have been recognized as a new direction in the industry in the past decade, with better performance than nickel hydrogen batteries in all aspects. However, the process and technology are not yet mature, and occasional news of lithium battery safety failures can still be heard. With the advancement of technology, lithium batteries are definitely the trend, and Toyota has already used lithium batteries in the plug-in version of the Prius that has not yet been put into production.
But after all, it is a new thing, and no one can guarantee 100% reliability and safety. The lithium battery of the Boeing 787 also caught fire.
Electric vehicles have actually been researched for a long time, but due to the significant gap between the various technical performance of batteries and their practical applications, they have not been widely adopted;
Previously, electric vehicles developed by the Japanese used nickel hydrogen batteries. With the emergence and popularization of lithium batteries, they have obvious advantages over nickel hydrogen batteries, especially in terms of high energy ratio and voltage. Therefore, it is inevitable to replace nickel hydrogen batteries.
Ternary lithium batteries are a type of lithium battery. Compared with other types of lithium batteries, the biggest advantage of ternary lithium batteries is high voltage and high energy ratio. Due to safety reasons, they are currently allowed to be used in small cars by the government. With the development of battery technology, they will also be used in electric vehicles with higher safety requirements such as buses in the future.
In addition to significant changes in appearance and improved transmission system efficiency, the fourth generation Prius is also an important new product feature. The Prius is equipped with a 1.8-liter Atkinson cycle inline 4-cylinder gasoline engine paired with an electric motor architecture, with a maximum combined horsepower of 121. Although the comprehensive horsepower figure has been revised down compared to the previous generation, the ability to accelerate from a standstill to a speed of 100 kilometers per hour is not far behind, and the average fuel consumption data has increased from the previous generation's 4.1L/100KM to a level of 3L/100KM.
As mentioned in the fuel consumption information report previously brought by U-CAR, the Hybrid system battery placed under the rear seat is equipped with two types of battery packs, nickel hydrogen and lithium batteries, according to different markets. Regardless of which one is used, it is lighter and smaller than the battery module used in the old Prius. According to European media reports, the lithium battery pack used by Toyota for the Prius is not far from the nickel hydrogen battery pack in terms of cost, and its efficiency is also comparable. Why did Toyota launch two different versions instead of using the widely used nickel hydrogen battery pack in the current Toyota family
The Prius adopts a hybrid architecture consisting of a 1.8-liter inline 4-cylinder engine combined with an electric motor, and there are two combinations of battery packs, namely lithium battery pack and nickel hydrogen battery pack.
The original factory stated that they will use two different battery combinations, with a focus on "weight". The lithium battery pack equipped on the Prius is about 16 kilograms lighter than the nickel hydrogen battery pack. Toyota has configured it in a more well-equipped and complete high-end car model (with more equipment, the car is heavier) to balance the overall performance. However, according to the understanding, the combination of lithium battery packs is only available in the North American and Japanese markets, and is also only configured on high-end models (entry-level and high-end in the Japanese market).
Compared to nickel hydrogen batteries, lithium battery packs have low self discharge, low memory effect, and fast charging and discharging speed, while nickel hydrogen batteries have the opposite. However, this also represents a significant price difference; On the powertrain of the fourth generation Prius, the lithium battery pack version only has 56 Cells, while the nickel hydrogen battery pack has 168 Cells, which is why Toyota says its cost is not far behind; In terms of voltage, the lithium battery provides a voltage of 207.2 volts, while the nickel hydrogen battery pack provides 201.6 volts. The two are not far apart, so their performance is not affected by this.
The lithium battery pack installed on the fourth generation Prius has only 56 Cells, while the nickel hydrogen battery pack has 168 Cells. Therefore, the cost and price of the two are not far apart, and the output voltage is also comparable. However, the weight of the lithium battery pack is 16 kilograms lighter than that of the nickel hydrogen battery pack.
The North American market may avoid any misunderstandings and unnecessary negative situations, so for high-end models equipped with rich features, they will bring more weight, and through the setting of lightweight lithium battery packs, the factory announced average fuel consumption figure of 3/100km can be achieved. In addition, the Toyota Prius will also be the first product in China to be equipped with the TSS (Toyota Safety Sense) active safety protection system.
1. Resistant to overcharging and overdischarging,
2. Strong high-speed discharge capability,
3. Safe use, especially under abusive conditions;
4. Relatively cheap; five
High power density
Disadvantages: low voltage, low energy density
The main advantages of lithium batteries are:
Lithium battery voltage platform is high: the average voltage of a single battery is 3.7V or 3.2V, which is approximately equal to the series voltage of three nickel cadmium batteries or nickel hydrogen batteries, making it easy to form a battery power pack;
Compared to batteries, lithium batteries have a higher energy density. It has a high energy storage density, currently reaching 460-600Wh/kg, which is about 6-7 times that of lead-acid batteries;
Compared to lead-acid batteries, lithium batteries are lighter in weight, with a weight of about 1/5-6 of lead-acid products under the same volume;
Lithium batteries have a relatively long service life, which can reach more than 6 years. Batteries with lithium iron phosphate as the positive electrode can be charged and discharged with 1CDOD and have a record of 1000 uses;
Capable of withstanding high power, the lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion battery used in electric vehicles can achieve a charge and discharge capacity of 15-30 ° C, facilitating high-intensity acceleration during start-up;
Low self discharge rate and no memory effect;
Lithium batteries have strong adaptability to high and low temperatures and can be used in environments ranging from -20 ℃ to 60 ℃. After processing, they can be used in environments ranging from -45 ℃;
Green and environmentally friendly, regardless of production, use, or disposal, it does not contain or produce any toxic or harmful heavy metal elements or substances such as lead, mercury, cadmium, etc.
Disadvantages of lithium batteries:
1. Lithium batteries have poor safety and the risk of explosion.
2. Lithium batteries made of lithium cobalt oxide materials cannot discharge at high currents and have poor safety.
3. Lithium batteries require circuit protection to prevent overcharging and overdischarging of the battery.
4. High production requirements and high costs.
Advantages of polymer lithium batteries:
1. The working voltage of a single battery can reach up to 3.6V~3.8V, which is much higher than the 1.2V voltage of nickel hydrogen and nickel cadmium batteries.
2. The capacity density is high, with a capacity density that is 1.5-2.5 times or higher than that of nickel hydrogen batteries or nickel cadmium batteries.
3. The self discharge is small, and its capacity loss is also minimal after being left for a long time.
4. Long lifespan, with a normal cycle life of over 500 times.
5. There is no memory effect, so there is no need to empty the remaining battery before charging, making it easy to use.
6. Good safety performance.
Disadvantages of polymer lithium batteries:
1. The cost of batteries is high, and the purification of electrolyte systems is difficult.
2. It is necessary to protect the circuit control, as overcharging or overdischarging can damage the reversibility of the chemical substances inside the battery, thereby seriously affecting the battery's lifespan.

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