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The Concept of Lithium Batteries

Lithium batteries are a type of battery that uses lithium metal or lithium alloys as the negative electrode material and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. The scientist who first invented the lithium battery was Thomas Edison. Of course, nowadays people are no longer strangers to lithium batteries. Especially after they have been widely used in the field of transportation such as automobiles and electric vehicles, people's attention to lithium batteries has been raised to a new level.

Classification of Lithium Batteries

1. According to the internal materials, lithium batteries are usually divided into two major categories:

Lithium Metal Batteries: Lithium metal batteries generally use manganese dioxide as the positive electrode material, lithium metal or its alloy as the negative electrode material, and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.

Lithium-Ion Batteries: Lithium-ion batteries generally use lithium alloy metal oxides as the positive electrode material, graphite as the negative electrode material, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.

Although lithium metal batteries have a high energy density and can theoretically reach 3860 watts per kilogram, due to their unstable nature and inability to be recharged, they cannot be used as rechargeable power batteries. On the other hand, lithium-ion batteries, with their ability to be recharged repeatedly, have been developed as the main power batteries. However, because the positive electrode materials formed by combining with different elements have significant performance differences in various aspects, the disputes within the industry regarding the route of positive electrode materials have intensified.

Usually, the most commonly mentioned power batteries mainly include lithium iron phosphate batteries, lithium manganese oxide batteries, lithium cobalt oxide batteries, and ternary lithium batteries (ternary nickel-cobalt-manganese).

2. According to the usage, they can also be divided into two major categories:

The first is digital batteries, which are the ones we use daily in mobile phones, tablets, power banks, etc. These all belong to the category of digital batteries.

The second is power batteries, which are used in some new energy electric vehicles like Tesla and BYD, as well as in products such as drones. These batteries require a large instantaneous current, which digital batteries cannot meet. Therefore, this type is also called high-rate batteries, and their prices are higher than those of digital batteries.

3. According to the shell material, they can be divided into three categories:

The first category is steel-shell batteries. As the name implies, the shell is made of steel.

The second category is aluminum-shell batteries. Similarly, the shell is made of aluminum.

The third category is polymer batteries. The shell is a polymer material, mostly silver in color. A few manufacturers make them black, which is known as "black skin" in the industry.

4. According to the shape, there are also three categories:

The first type is cylindrical batteries. These are widely used, such as 18650, 26650, etc. They are usually used in combination. Combinations with fewer numbers can be used in digital products. For example, in early laptop computers, usually 8 18650 batteries were used. In power banks, the number of combinations ranges from one to five or six. And Tesla uses a series-parallel combination of more than 7000 18650 batteries.

The second type is square batteries. Most of these are polymer batteries because this polymer has good ductility and can be shaped in many ways. The length, width, and height can be adjusted freely. Now most digital products use this type of battery.

The third type is special-shaped batteries. These are batteries with strange shapes. According to the requirements of the product, the battery also needs to have a matching shape. For example, in popular smart wearable products like smart bracelets which are annular in shape, the battery is also made annular.

The Structure of Lithium Batteries

The structure of a lithium battery is divided into five parts, namely the positive electrode, negative electrode, separator, electrolyte, and shell.

(1) The positive electrode of a lithium battery contains substances such as active materials, conductive agents, solvents, binders, and substrates.

(2) The negative electrode of a lithium battery contains substances such as active materials, binders, solvents, and substrates.

(3) The separator of a lithium battery.

(4) The electrolyte of a lithium battery.

(5) The shell of a lithium battery contains hardware components such as steel shells, aluminum shells, cover plates, tabs, and insulating tapes.

The Production Flow Chart of Lithium Batteries

The production process of lithium batteries varies from manufacturer to manufacturer, but it generally involves the following steps, as shown in the figure below:

Specifically, the steps are as follows: material preparation, slurry mixing, coating, rolling, slitting, baking, winding, casing insertion, laser welding, baking, electrolyte injection, pre-charging, sealing, cleaning, aging, full inspection, warehousing, and shipment.

The Production Process of Lithium Batteries

Objectively speaking, the production process of lithium batteries is divided into three major sections: one is the production of electrode sheets, the second is the production of battery cells, and the third is battery assembly. In the production process of lithium batteries, the production of electrode sheets is the foundation, the production of battery cells is the core, and battery assembly is related to the quality of the finished lithium batteries. The specific steps in the production process of lithium batteries include positive electrode slurry drawing, negative electrode slurry drawing, positive electrode sheets, negative electrode sheets, steel shell assembly, electrolyte injection and testing, and packaging.

An Introduction to the Production Process of Lithium Batteries

As is known to all, the production process of lithium batteries is quite complex. After all, the safety performance of lithium-ion battery products is directly related to the life and health of consumers. Naturally, in the production and manufacturing of lithium batteries, there are relatively high requirements for the performance, precision, stability, and automation level of equipment. Taking the preparation of electrode slurry in the production process of lithium batteries as an example, this step is not only the frontmost step but also the most important step in the entire production process. After all, the influence of the mixing and dispersing process of electrode slurry on the product quality is more than 30%. Why is that?

The reason is that the preparation of both the positive and negative electrode slurries of lithium batteries involves a series of processes such as the mutual mixing, dissolving, and dispersing of liquid and liquid, liquid and solid materials, accompanied by changes in temperature, viscosity, and environment. In the positive and negative electrode slurries, the dispersibility and uniformity of the granular active materials directly affect the movement of lithium ions between the two electrodes of the battery. Therefore, the dispersing quality of the electrode slurry directly affects the product performance of lithium batteries.

It can be seen that each production step in the production process of lithium batteries is closely related to product quality and safety. Each step in the production process of lithium batteries should be strictly and carefully managed so as to improve the safety performance of lithium battery products.

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