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Battery Knowledge: Comparison of the Advantages and Disadvantages between Lead-acid Batteries and Lithium-iron-phosphate Batteries

In the field of batteries, the main contention between two technologies lies in lead-acid batteries and lithium batteries. The lithium battery industry has been developing extremely rapidly and is being applied in an increasingly wide range of fields. Traditional lead-acid storage batteries have gradually been replaced by lithium batteries with new performance. What are the advantages and disadvantages of lithium batteries and lead-acid batteries respectively? Let's follow the editor to read through this article.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead-acid Batteries:

Advantages:

• Stable voltage.

• Inexpensive.

• Simple maintenance.

• Stable quality and high reliability.

Disadvantages:

• Low specific energy.

• Short service life.

• Frequent daily maintenance.

Advantages of Lithium-iron-phosphate Batteries:

• Lithium batteries have strong adaptability to high and low temperatures and can be used in environments ranging from -20°C to 60°C. After certain technological processing, they can even be used in an environment of -45°C.

• The lifespan of lithium-iron-phosphate batteries is long, with a cycle life of over 2000 times. Under the same conditions, lithium-iron-phosphate batteries can be used for 7 to 8 years.

• Fast charging. Using a dedicated charger, it takes only 40 minutes to fully charge the battery at a 1.5C charging rate.

• Safe to use. Lithium-iron-phosphate batteries have undergone strict safety tests and will not explode even in traffic accidents.

• Lithium-iron-phosphate batteries are environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and pollution-free. They have a wide range of raw material sources and are relatively inexpensive.

Disadvantages of Lithium-iron-phosphate Batteries:

1. The tap density of the positive electrode of lithium-iron-phosphate batteries is small, generally around 0.8 to 1.3. The volume is large.

2. Poor electrical conductivity, slow diffusion speed of lithium ions, and low actual specific capacity during high-rate charging and discharging.

3. The low-temperature performance of lithium-iron-phosphate batteries is poor.

4. The lifespan of a single lithium-iron-phosphate battery is long, around 2000 times. However, the lifespan of a lithium-iron-phosphate battery pack is short, generally around 500 times.

Comparison of the Advantages and Disadvantages between Lead-acid Batteries and Lithium Batteries:

1. Ultra-long Lifespan:
   The cycle life of lead-acid storage batteries is around 200 times, with a maximum of 300 times. In contrast, the cycle life of lithium-iron-phosphate batteries reaches over 300 times. When used with standard charging (5-hour rate), it can reach up to 500 times, or even over 1000 times. Lead-acid storage batteries can be used for at most 1 to 1.5 years, while lithium batteries can be used for 3 years under the same conditions.

2. Safe to Use and Good Performance:
   Lithium batteries have completely solved the safety hazard problems of lead-acid storage batteries. Lead-acid storage batteries may explode under strong collisions, threatening the lives of consumers. In contrast, lithium-ion batteries will not explode after undergoing strict safety tests.

3. No Memory Effect:
   When rechargeable batteries are often used in a state of being fully charged but not fully discharged, their capacity will quickly drop below the rated capacity value. This phenomenon is called the memory effect. However, lithium-iron-phosphate batteries do not have this phenomenon. Batteries can be charged and used at any time regardless of their state, without the need to fully discharge them first before charging.

4. Small Volume, Light Weight, and Long Duration:
   The volume of lithium-iron-phosphate batteries with the same specification and capacity is two-thirds of that of lead-acid storage batteries, and the weight is one-third of that of lead-acid storage batteries.

5. Expensive:
   Electric vehicles with lithium-ion batteries are twice as expensive as those with lead-acid storage batteries.

6. Environmentally Friendly:
   There is a large amount of lead in lead-acid storage batteries of electric vehicles. If not properly disposed of after being discarded, they will cause pollution to the environment. In contrast, the materials of lithium batteries do not contain any toxic or harmful substances. They are regarded as environmentally friendly batteries worldwide and are pollution-free both in production and use, becoming a hot topic of widespread attention and research.

Differences between Lithium Batteries and Lead-acid Batteries:

1. Different Nominal Voltages: The nominal voltage of a single lead-acid battery is 2.0V, while that of a single lithium battery is 3.6V.

2. Different Energy Densities: The energy density of lead-acid batteries is 30 WH/KG, while that of lithium batteries is 110 WH/KG.

3. Different Cycle Lives: The average cycle life of lead-acid batteries is 300 to 500 times, while that of lithium batteries is more than a thousand times. From the perspective of the two mainstream technical routes of lithium electric bicycles, there are also relatively large differences between ternary lithium batteries and lithium-iron-phosphate batteries. The discharge life of ternary lithium batteries is 1000 times, while the lifespan of lithium-iron-phosphate batteries can reach 2000 times.

4. Different Charging Methods: Lithium batteries adopt the voltage-limiting and current-limiting method, that is, a limited threshold is set for both current and voltage. In contrast, there are many charging methods for lead-acid batteries. The main ones include: constant current charging method, constant voltage charging method, staged equal-current charging method, and floating charge. They cannot be described in detail one by one.

5. In Terms of Volume and Mass: Generally, the weight of lead-acid batteries is 16 to 30 kilograms, and the volume is relatively large. Lithium batteries are generally 2.5 to 3 kilograms, and the volume is relatively small. Therefore, it is easy to ride and convenient to carry.

6. Durability: Lead-acid batteries generally have a deep charge and deep discharge within 300 times, have memory, and have a lifespan of about two years. Moreover, there is liquid inside lead-acid batteries. After a period of consumption, if the battery gets hot or the charging time becomes shorter, the liquid needs to be replenished. Lithium-iron-phosphate batteries have stronger durability, slow consumption, can be charged and discharged more than 500 times, and have no memory. Generally, their lifespan is 4 to 5 years.

The above is the comparison of the advantages and disadvantages between lead-acid batteries and lithium-iron-phosphate batteries. Comparatively speaking, lithium batteries have more advantages. Currently, due to the limitations of the working environment or equipment volume of some devices, lithium batteries have begun to be used as energy storage devices. In the long run, the advantages of lithium-iron-phosphate batteries over lead-acid batteries are obvious, and there is already a strong development trend at present.

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