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Introduction
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), founded in 1906, is the earliest non-governmental international electrotechnical standardization organization in the world. The IEC is responsible for international standardization work in the fields of electrical engineering and electronics. Its purpose is to promote the international unification of electrotechnical standards, international cooperation in standardization and related aspects in the fields of electrical and electronic engineering, and enhance international mutual understanding. To achieve this goal, it publishes various publications including international standards and hopes that each national committee will use these international standards under the conditions permitted by their respective countries. The working fields of the IEC cover electrotechnical technologies in power, electronics, telecommunications, and atomic energy. The highest authority of the IEC is the Council.

IEC standards are formulated by a worldwide standardization organization composed of national electrotechnical committees. Currently, the main IEC standards in the field of lithium-ion batteries are: IEC 61960, IEC 61959, IEC 62133, IEC 62660, IEC 60086, IEC 62321, etc. The following is a separate introduction to these standards.

Brief Introduction to IEC Standards for Lithium-ion Batteries
IEC 61960:2011, "Single Cells (Cell) and Batteries with Alkaline or Other Non-acidic Electrolytes: Portable Lithium Batteries (Cell) or Batteries". The scope of application of this standard includes power lithium secondary batteries, lithium secondary batteries for mobile communication products, and lithium secondary batteries for portable products. The standard stipulates the performance testing, identification, marking, dimensions, and other requirements of lithium secondary batteries within the applicable range. It is currently one of the few international standards that regulate the electrical performance index parameters (capacity, cycle, internal resistance, etc.) of lithium battery cell products. It can well measure the discharge capacity index of secondary lithium battery cell products under different ambient temperatures and can effectively evaluate their cycle life and capacity retention and attenuation after long-term storage. The main test items are the capacity testing and cycle life testing of cells and batteries.

IEC 61959:2004, "Single Cells and Batteries with Alkaline or Other Non-acidic Electrolytes: Mechanical Tests of Portable Sealed Lithium Secondary Single Cells or Batteries". This standard conducts vibration and free-fall tests on lithium-ion secondary cells and batteries within the applicable range, simulating various mechanical tests of lithium-ion batteries under external impacts in various working condition environments.

IEC 62660:2022 is the latest version of this IEC standard. "Secondary Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Road Vehicles" is the first safety standard for power lithium batteries in the IEC system. Lithium-ion batteries for electric road vehicles are applicable to this IEC standard. Its contents include performance testing, reliability testing, abuse testing, and safety requirements, etc.

IEC 60086-4:2019 is a safety standard for non-rechargeable lithium cells and batteries introduced by the European Union. The main test items include altitude simulation testing, temperature cycling testing, vibration testing, mechanical impact testing, external short-circuit testing, drop hammer impact testing, extrusion testing, forced discharge testing, abnormal charging testing, free-fall testing, thermal abuse testing, incorrect installation testing, over-discharge testing, etc.

IEC 62321:2021 is a testing standard for hazardous substances in electronic and electrical appliances issued by the IEC. The ROHS Directive is a mandatory standard access requirement legislated by the European Union. Its full name is "Directive on Restricting the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electronic and Electrical Equipment". It is mainly used to standardize the material and process standards of electronic and electrical products to make them more conducive to human health and environmental protection. Battery products entering the European market need to have ROHS certification, and the standard used for ROHS certification is IEC 62321:2021. The determination of certain substances in battery products must meet the limit requirements of the standard.

Introduction to the IEC 62133 Standard
IEC 62133:2017, this standard is mainly aimed at the safety requirements of single cells and batteries with alkaline or non-acidic electrolytes and portable sealed single cells and batteries (including lithium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, etc.). The test clause part of IEC 62133:2017 is divided into two major sections: the nickel battery system and the lithium battery system. IEC 62133-1:2017 is for the nickel battery system, and IEC 62133-2:2017 is for the lithium battery system. Compared with the national standard GB 31241-2022, the national standard GB 31241-2022 only puts forward safety requirements for portable lithium-ion batteries and batteries, and does not put forward requirements for nickel-based batteries. GB 31241-2022 is more targeted and has more extensive and specific requirements. On the other hand, compared with GB 31241-2022, IEC 62133-2:2017 does not have test clauses for battery pack protection circuits and system protection circuits. Overall, compared with IEC 62133-2:2017, GB 31241-2022 has more test requirements and is more comprehensive. If foreign enterprises obtain the certificate of IEC 62133-2:2017, when conducting the test of GB 31241-2022, only some test results of IEC 62133-2:2013 can be recognized. The test results of vibration, impact, and thermal abuse, etc. can be directly used from IEC 62133-2:2017, but the test results of other aspects need to be retested.

According to the requirements of the new version of IEC 62133:2017, lithium batteries should pass relevant tests in accordance with the requirements of IEC 62281. Its test items are the same as those of the UN38.3 test. UN38.3 is the transportation requirement put forward by the United Nations Aviation Association for lithium-ion batteries during transportation. Therefore, if the manufacturer can provide documents proving compliance with the UN transportation requirements, the transportation test can be directly judged as qualified without testing.

The IEC 62133:2017 standard mainly includes the following test items:

Cell (cell): continuous low-rate charging, vibration, temperature cycling, external short-circuit, internal short-circuit, free-fall, impact (collision), thermal misuse (thermal shock), extrusion, low-pressure, overcharging, forced discharge, high-rate charging protection function (lithium system), labeling and packaging, transportation test, incorrect installation (nickel system).

Battery (Battery): vibration, shell stress at high temperature, temperature cycling, external short-circuit, internal short-circuit, free-fall, impact (collision), labeling and packaging, transportation test, overcharging (nickel system).

Among these test and verification items, most are common routine test items, but there are still some items worthy of attention:
(1) Extrusion: The test object of this item is the cell. Although it is a common routine item, it clearly requires that for square cells, the long and short axes need to be extruded, that is, the two planes of the length and width of the cell. According to test experience, when polymer soft-packaged cells are extruded along the width axis (side), unqualified phenomena such as burning or explosion sometimes occur. Therefore, for polymer soft-packaged cells, it is recommended to pay special attention to this item.
(2) Continuous low-rate charging. The test object of this item is the cell. The standard stipulates that the fully charged cell should be continuously charged for 28 days according to the charging method specified by the manufacturer. This item is not common in other safety standards. Given that the charging methods specified by battery manufacturers are basically constant current and constant voltage charging, this requires manufacturers to comprehensively consider the specified and limited charging current and even the cut-off voltage when the cell is fully charged. When necessary, the ability to withstand continuous charging should be considered in the design of the cell. High-risk items in IEC 62133:2017: thermal abuse test, extrusion test, 55-degree short-circuit test, forced internal short-circuit test, etc.

If an enterprise obtains the certificate of IEC 62133:2012 and wants to convert the certificate to the IEC 62133:2017 version, we should pay attention to:

1. The new version of IEC 62133:2017 standard splits lithium-based batteries and nickel-based batteries into two standards, that is, nickel-based batteries correspond to IEC 62133-1:2017, and lithium-based batteries correspond to IEC 62133-2:2017;

2. The lithium-based button batteries are included in the new version of IEC 62133-2:2017 standard;

3. Battery pretreatment: Old version: Cells and batteries need to be charged and pretreated under high and low temperature conditions respectively; New version: Only cells need to be charged and pretreated according to the charging method declared by the manufacturer;

4. External short-circuit test: Old version: The external short-circuit test of cells is carried out in an environment of 20 ± 5°C, and the external short-circuit test of batteries is carried out in an environment of 55 ± 5°C; New version: The external short-circuit test of cells is carried out in an environment of 55 ± 5°C, and the external short-circuit test of batteries is carried out in an environment of 20 ± 5°C;

5. Thermal shock test: Old version: Small cells are kept in an oven at 130 ± 2°C for 10 minutes, and large cells are kept for 30 minutes;

New version: Cells are kept in an oven at 130 ± 2°C for 30 minutes;

6. Extrusion test: Old version: The test pressure is 13 ± 1 KN, and the test cut-off conditions are: reaching the maximum pressure; a voltage drop of 1/3; 10% deformation; New version: The test pressure is 13 KN ± 0.78 KN, and the test cut-off conditions are: reaching the maximum pressure; a voltage drop of 1/3.

The above are the main test methods and test standards for lithium-ion batteries and batteries in the IEC system. There are also a large number of test methods and standards in the IEC system. Due to the limitation of space, this article does not cover them. This article is just to throw out a brick to attract jade and is only for reference by relevant personnel.

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