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Fuel power cell is a device that directly converts the chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy. It is a very promising clean and efficient power generation method, known as the distributed generation in the 21st century. The working principle of fuel power cell is similar to the reverse process of water electrolysis. The hydrogen based fuel is sent to the anode of the fuel power cell (the negative pole of the power supply) and converted into hydrogen ions. The oxygen in the air is sent to the cathode of the fuel power cell (the positive pole of the power supply). The negative oxygen ions reach the anode and combine with hydrogen ions to form water through the ionic conductive electrolyte between the two electrodes. The external circuit forms current.

Generally, a complete fuel power cell power generation system consists of a battery stack, a fuel supply system, an air supply system, a cooling system, a power electronic converter, and a protection and control and instrumentation system. The battery stack is the core. Low temperature fuel power cells should also be equipped with fuel reformers (also known as fuel reformers). The high-temperature fuel power cell has the function of internal reforming, and does not need to be equipped with a reformer.

Phosphoric acid fuel power cell (PAFC) is a mature and commercialized fuel power cell. Now it has been able to produce large capacity pressurized 11MW equipment and portable 250kW and other equipment. The molten carbonate cell (MCFC) of the second generation fuel power cell works at high temperature (600~700 ℃), and the reforming reaction can be carried out internally, which can be used for large-scale power generation. Now, megawatt level verification tests are being conducted. Solid electrolyte fuel power cell (SOFC) is called the third generation fuel power cell. As the electrolyte is a solid electrolyte such as zirconia, it can be used for coal based fuel power generation in the future. The proton exchange membrane fuel power cell is the most promising power supply for electric vehicles. Fuel power cells have the following advantages:

1) It has high efficiency. The theoretical power generation efficiency of the fuel power cell using hydrogen as fuel can reach 100%. The actual efficiency of molten carbonate fuel power cell can reach 58.4%. The comprehensive thermal efficiency of fuel power cells can be expected to reach more than 80% through cogeneration or combined cycle comprehensive utilization of heat energy. The power generation efficiency of fuel power cells is basically independent of the scale, and small equipment can also achieve high efficiency.

2) In the hot standby state, the fuel power cell has a very strong ability to follow the load change, and can follow 50% of the load change within 1s.

3) Low noise; It can achieve virtually zero emissions; Save water.

4) The installation cycle is short and the installation position is flexible, which can save the new power transmission and distribution system.

At present, the obstacle to the large-scale application of fuel power cells is the high cost. It will take some time to compete with conventional power generation methods economically. The key technologies of fuel power cells involve projects related to commercialization, such as battery performance, life, large-scale, price, etc., and are important to new electrolyte materials and catalysts. The loss of liquid electrolyte and corrosion leakage of molten carbonate battery (MCFC) at high temperature reduce the battery life, which limits the large-scale and practical application of MCFC. Solve the corrosion of battery materials; The change of electrode pore structure leads to the decline of battery performance.

Solid oxide fuel power cells (SOFCs) use solid electrolytes and work at very high temperatures, which have special requirements for the materials and their processing. In order to obtain an electrolyte with chemical stability and compactness (not through gas) at high temperature, Y2O3 is added to zirconia to generate yttrium stabilized zirconia. In order to reduce the working temperature, the thickness of electrolyte film should be reduced as much as possible. Electrolyte films are usually prepared by spray, sintering and electrochemical evaporation coating methods.

The thickness of the practical electrolyte film is 0.03-0.05 mm. The more advanced ones have reached 0.01mm. In addition to sufficient mechanical strength, such thin electrolyte ceramic materials must have high gas density, otherwise they will lose the performance of fuel power cells. The fuel electrode uses heat-resistant metal ceramics such as nickel zirconium. Nickel is also used as a catalyst for fuel reforming. The air electrode is in high-temperature oxidation during operation, so it is difficult to use ordinary metals. The stability of platinum is good, but the cost is expensive. To find alternative materials, electronic conductive ceramics can be used. In order to reduce the working temperature, another important research direction is to find low temperature proton conducting electrolytes. If the operating temperature can be reduced to below 700 ℃, the cost of SOFC can be greatly reduced.

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