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The lifespan of ternary lithium batteries

The so-called lifespan of a lithium battery refers to the fact that after a period of use, the capacity of the battery decays to 70% of its nominal capacity (at room temperature of 25 ℃, standard atmospheric pressure, and discharged at 0.2C), which is considered the end of its lifespan. The industry generally calculates the cycle life of lithium batteries based on the number of cycles they are fully charged and discharged. During use, irreversible electrochemical reactions occur inside lithium batteries, leading to a decrease in capacity, such as electrolyte decomposition, deactivation of active materials, and collapse of positive and negative electrode structures, resulting in a reduction in the number of lithium ion insertions and deintercalations. Experiments have shown that higher discharge rates lead to faster capacity decay. If the discharge current is lower, the battery voltage will approach the equilibrium voltage and release more energy.

The theoretical lifespan of ternary lithium batteries is about 800 cycles, which is considered moderate among commercial rechargeable lithium batteries. Lithium iron phosphate has about 2000 cycles, while lithium titanate is said to achieve 10000 cycles. At present, mainstream battery manufacturers promise in their specifications for ternary battery cells that they will be charged and discharged more than 500 times under standard conditions. However, after the battery cells are assembled into a battery pack, due to consistency issues, the voltage and internal resistance cannot be exactly the same, and their cycle life is about 400 times. The manufacturer recommends a SOC usage window of 10%~90% and does not recommend deep charging and discharging, as it may cause irreversible damage to the positive and negative electrode structures of the battery. If calculated based on shallow charging and discharging, the cycle life is at least 1000 times. In addition, if lithium batteries are frequently discharged in high rate and high temperature environments, the battery life will significantly decrease to less than 200 cycles.

Hebei Xin Power has been manufacturing battery packs, ternary lithium batteries, lithium iron phosphate batteries, lithium iron manganese oxide batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and more for a long time. The product has a wide range of applications and high quality. Xin Power is a top ranked battery brand in China.

In recent years, with the rapid growth of the new energy vehicle market, the Chinese power lithium battery market has also experienced rapid development. According to statistics, the shipment volume of China's power battery market reached 3.42 GWh from January to April 2016, a 2.38-fold increase compared to the same period last year. It is expected that the shipment volume of China's power battery market will reach around 30 GWh for the whole year of 2016, with a year-on-year growth of over 90%.

According to different materials, the existing power batteries in the market are mainly divided into lithium iron phosphate batteries, ternary lithium batteries (including NCA and NCM), lithium manganese oxide batteries, lithium cobalt oxide batteries, nickel hydrogen batteries, lithium titanium oxide batteries, etc. Among them, lithium iron phosphate batteries are currently the mainstream battery type in the Chinese electric vehicle market, but in recent years, the market growth rate has been significantly inferior to ternary lithium batteries. According to statistics, from January to April 2016, the shipment volume of China's lithium iron phosphate battery market reached 2.6 GWh, a year-on-year increase of more than twice, accounting for 75.3% of the overall market; The shipment volume of ternary batteries in the market is 771.51MWh, an increase of 3.47 times compared to the same period last year, and their proportion in the overall market has also increased to 22.6%, gradually becoming a star product in the Chinese power battery market.

It depends on the quality and material of the battery cell. A good battery cell can be charged and discharged for about 2000 cycles, while a typical one is 500-800 cycles. It's hard to say if it's poor, maybe two or three hundred cycles. Generally, materials such as ternary materials are charged at around 4.2V, with a cut-off discharge voltage of around 2.8V, while the voltage of lithium iron phosphate is lower.

As for the capacity, the currently best one seems to be. 3600mAH. The domestic one is generally between 2000-2600mAH

Hongfu Lithium Battery Mingbei Technology

When using lithium-ion batteries, pay attention to three points:

1. How to charge a new battery

When using lithium batteries, it should be noted that the battery enters a sleep state after being left for a period of time, at which point the capacity is lower than normal and the usage time is shortened accordingly. But lithium batteries are easy to activate, as long as they undergo 3-5 normal charge and discharge cycles to activate the battery and restore normal capacity. Due to the inherent characteristics of lithium batteries, they have almost no memory effect. Therefore, users do not need any special methods or equipment during the activation process of new lithium batteries. Not only theoretically, but from my own practical experience, using standard charging methods from the beginning as a 'natural activation' approach is the best.

For the issue of "activation" of lithium batteries, many opinions suggest that the charging time must exceed 12 hours and be repeated three times in order to activate the battery. The statement that 'the first three charges should be charged for more than 12 hours' is clearly a continuation of nickel batteries such as nickel cadmium and nickel hydrogen. So this statement can be said to have been a misconception from the beginning. There is a significant difference in the charging and discharging characteristics between lithium batteries and nickel batteries, and it can be clearly stated that all the serious formal technical materials I have reviewed emphasize that overcharging and overdischarging can cause huge damage to lithium batteries, especially liquid lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, it is best to charge according to standard time and methods, especially not for over 12 hours of ultra long charging.

In addition, lithium batteries or chargers will automatically stop charging after the battery is fully charged, and there is no so-called "trickle" charging that lasts for more than 10 hours for nickel chargers. That is to say, if your lithium battery is fully charged and placed on a charger, it will still be charged for nothing. And none of us can guarantee that the characteristics of the battery's charge and discharge protection circuit will never change and the quality will be foolproof, so your battery will be hovering on the edge of danger for a long time. This is also another reason why we oppose long charging.

In addition, on some machines, if the charger is not removed after a certain period of charging time, the system will not only not stop charging, but also start a discharge charge cycle. Perhaps the manufacturers of this approach have their own purposes, but it is clearly detrimental to the lifespan of the battery. At the same time, long charging requires a long time and often needs to be carried out at night. Based on the situation of China's power grid, the voltage at night is relatively high and fluctuates greatly in many places. As mentioned earlier, lithium batteries are very delicate, and their ability to withstand fluctuations in charging and discharging is much worse than nickel batteries, which brings additional dangers.

In addition, another aspect that cannot be ignored is that lithium batteries are also not suitable for over discharge, which is also detrimental to lithium batteries. This leads to the following question.

2. When should charging start during normal use

Because the number of charge and discharge cycles is limited, lithium batteries should be recharged as fully as possible. But I found an experimental table about the charging and discharging cycles of lithium-ion batteries, and the data about the cycle life is listed as follows:

Cycle life (10% DOD):>1000 cycles

Cycle life (100% DOD):>200 cycles

DOD stands for Depth of Discharge. From the table, it can be seen that the number of rechargeable cycles is related to the depth of discharge, and the cycle life at 10% DOD is much longer than that at 100% DOD. Of course, if converted to the actual total charging capacity: 10% * 1000=100, 100% * 200=200, the latter's complete charging and discharging is still better. Under normal circumstances, you should charge the battery according to the principle of using up the remaining battery before charging. However, if your battery cannot last the entire day on the second day, you should start charging in a timely manner. Of course, if you are willing to carry the charger to the office, that's another matter.

And when you need to charge to cope with important events that are expected to cause busy communication, even when the battery still has a lot of remaining power, you just need to charge in advance because you haven't really lost "1" charging cycle life, which is "0. x" times, and often this x is very small.

The principle of recharging after the remaining battery power is not to go to extremes. A widely circulated saying, like long charging, is "try to use up the battery of the machine as much as possible, preferably with automatic shutdown". This approach is actually only used on nickel batteries to avoid memory effects, unfortunately it has also been passed down in lithium batteries today. There has been an example where someone continued to use a machine without charging it even after receiving a warning of low battery level, and continued to use it until it automatically shut down. As a result, the machine in this example did not respond during subsequent charging and startup, and had to be sent to customer service for maintenance. This is actually due to the low voltage caused by excessive discharge of the battery, resulting in the inability to have normal charging and startup conditions.

3. The correct approach to lithium batteries

In summary, the most important reminder regarding the charging and discharging issues of lithium batteries during use is:

1. Charge according to standard time and procedures, even for the first three times;

2. When there is a low battery prompt on the machine, it is advisable to start charging as soon as possible;

3. The activation of lithium batteries does not require special methods, and they will naturally activate during normal machine use. If you insist on using the widely circulated "first three 12 hour long charging activation" method, it will not actually be effective.

Therefore, all the practices of pursuing 12 hour ultra long charging and using lithium batteries for automatic shutdown are wrong. If you have previously followed incorrect statements, please correct them in a timely manner, perhaps it is not too late.

I hope my answer is helpful to you, friend. Good luck!

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