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Nickel cadmium batteries rely on the reaction of chemical substances to operate. Chemical materials often self consume, and the situation of self consumption in high temperature environments can be more severe. The capacity may decrease, and there may also be leakage and rusting. Charging and discharging at high temperatures can cause damage to the battery and reduce its lifespan. The temperature range for stable operation of cadmium nickel batteries is relatively wide, with charging at about 0-45 ℃, discharging at about -20~60 ℃, and storage at about -30~45 ℃. It is best to store them in a cool but not humid place. Temperature has a significant impact on the lifespan and charging/discharging characteristics of batteries. If the ambient temperature increases during charging and discharging, the material of the battery will be damaged, the function of the active material in the electrode plate will decrease, resulting in a reduction in capacity. The insulation between the anode and cathode isolation plates will also decrease, causing a short circuit. Moreover, as the temperature rises, the voltage of the battery will also become lower, resulting in a significant decrease in charging and discharging efficiency and a significant reduction in battery capacity. Therefore, unless the nickel cadmium battery used is heat-resistant, attention should be paid to the temperature of the battery during charging and discharging, and excessive current should not be used to charge and discharge to avoid high temperature.

Overcharging

During the charging process, the voltage of the battery will gradually increase with the increase of stored electricity. When the stored electricity of the battery reaches saturation and the electrode material cannot continue charging, if the battery continues to charge, the electrolyte will undergo electrolysis, producing oxygen at the anode and hydrogen at the cathode. This will cause an increase in internal pressure inside the sealed battery, which will damage the internal structure of the battery. This phenomenon is called overcharging.

In order to avoid damage to overcharged batteries, the capacity of the cathode is usually made larger than that of the anode. This way, when overcharged, the anode will first reach saturation and produce oxygen, while the cathode is not saturated and will not produce hydrogen. After the oxygen produced by the anode diffuses to the cathode, it will react chemically with the metal cadmium produced during charging to absorb the oxygen, and the rate of this reaction is balanced with the rate of metal cadmium production, thus effectively avoiding the pressure rise of the battery. However, if the charging current is too high (when using fast charging), the balance will be lost, and the internal pressure of the battery will push open the safety valve, causing hydrogen and oxygen to leak outside the battery until the pressure drops and the safety valve closes before the battery seals again. However, the leakage of gas has reduced the internal chemical materials, resulting in a shortened battery life.

Changes in charging voltage

When the battery is overcharged, the chemical reaction between the oxygen generated by the anode and the cathode will generate heat, causing the battery temperature to rise and the outer shell to become hot. Due to the higher temperature, the charging voltage of the battery will become relatively low. Therefore, during charging, the battery voltage will continue to rise until overcharging occurs. The battery temperature will suddenly rise rapidly, and the voltage will no longer rise but start to decline from its peak value.

Nominal voltage

When nickel cadmium batteries are discharged under standard discharge conditions, the voltage will slowly decrease until the battery is almost completely discharged, at which point the voltage will drop significantly. This voltage value is called the nominal voltage. The nominal voltage of a typical nickel cadmium battery is 1.2V, which is the same as the 1.5V labeled on a typical dry battery and is indicated on the battery casing. Nickel cadmium batteries must have a voltage value of at least 1.2V above the nominal voltage as long as they have enough power, and the more stored power, the higher the voltage.

Discharge termination voltage

When a battery is discharged, its voltage gradually decreases with the decrease of battery capacity. When the voltage drops to the required level, it is no longer allowed to discharge, which is called discharge termination voltage, and this voltage level is called discharge termination voltage. The recommended discharge termination voltage by manufacturers is usually around 0.9V~1.1V. When the voltage is discharged to this level, the battery is almost completely discharged, and this condition is called complete discharge. If the nickel cadmium battery has been fully discharged but the load is not removed and it continues to discharge, it becomes overdischarging, and the voltage will rapidly drop until 0V. If the discharge is terminated before the voltage drops to around 0V, the battery voltage will automatically quickly rise back to the nominal voltage of around 1.2V.

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