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Batteries are devices that release electrical energy by storing chemical energy, which have always constrained the development of electric vehicles. Whether electric vehicles can completely replace internal combustion locomotives depends on breakthroughs in battery technology. Currently, many forms of batteries have been developed, but they still cannot meet the demand

1、 Generalized classification of batteries

The classification of batteries can be broadly divided into three categories: chemical batteries, physical batteries, and biological batteries. Among them, chemical and physical batteries have been applied in mass-produced electric vehicles, while biological batteries are regarded as one of the important development directions for future electric vehicle batteries.

2、 Classification of electric vehicle batteries

Electric vehicle batteries can be divided into two categories, namely batteries and fuel cells. Batteries are suitable for pure electric vehicles and can be classified into lead-acid batteries, nickel based batteries (nickel hydrogen batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries, nickel cadmium batteries, nickel zinc batteries), sodium sulfur batteries, sodium nickel chloride batteries, secondary lithium batteries, air batteries, and other types. Except for air batteries, all other batteries can be classified as chemical batteries.

Chemical batteries are currently the most widely used type of battery in the field of electric vehicles, such as nickel hydrogen batteries, lithium-ion batteries, lithium polymer batteries, fuel cells, etc. From a structural perspective, it can be further divided into two categories: batteries and fuel cells. The vast majority of electric vehicles we currently see use battery technology for driving, such as Toyota Prius, Tesla MODELS (configuration, pictures, inquiries), etc. Of course, the battery referred to here is not the car battery we usually talk about, but a general term for rechargeable batteries. Among them, lead-acid batteries commonly used in car batteries are only a subcategory.

1. Lead acid battery

Lead acid batteries have a history of more than 100 years and are widely used as starting power sources for internal combustion engine vehicles. They are also mature batteries for electric vehicles, with good reliability, easy availability of raw materials, low price, and a specific power that can basically meet the power requirements of electric vehicles. However, they have two major disadvantages: low specific energy, large mass and volume, and short driving range on a single charge. The other is short service life and high operating costs.

2. Nickel hydrogen battery

Nickel hydrogen batteries belong to alkaline batteries, which have a long cycle life and no memory effect, but are relatively expensive. The foreign companies that produce nickel batteries for electric vehicles are mainly a joint venture between Ovonie, Toyota, and Panasonic. Ovonie currently has two types of unit batteries, 80A · h and 100A · h, with a specific energy of 75-80W · h/kg and a cycle life of over 600 times. This type of battery has been tested on several electric vehicles, and one type of vehicle can travel 345km on a single charge. One vehicle has traveled more than 80000 kilometers in a year. Due to its high price, it has not yet been mass-produced. In China, 55A · h and 100A · h unit batteries have been developed, with a specific energy of 65W · h/h. Nickel batteries with a power density greater than 800W/kg.

3. Lithium ion battery

As a new type of rechargeable battery with high voltage and energy density, lithium-ion secondary batteries for electric vehicles have unique physical and electrochemical properties, and have broad prospects for civilian and special applications. Their outstanding features are light weight, large energy storage, no pollution, no memory effect, and long service life. Under the same volume and weight conditions, the storage capacity of lithium batteries is 1.6 times that of nickel hydrogen batteries and 4 times that of nickel cadmium batteries. Moreover, humans have only developed and utilized 20% to 30% of their theoretical capacity, which has a very promising development prospect. At the same time, it is a truly green and environmentally friendly battery that will not cause pollution to the environment. It is currently the best battery that can be applied to electric vehicles. China has been developing and utilizing lithium-ion batteries since the 1990s, and has made breakthrough progress by developing lithium-ion batteries with completely independent intellectual property rights. Lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, polymers, ternary lithium batteries, lithium iron phosphate, and so on can all be considered as lithium battery products.

4. Sodium sulfur battery

What are the types of power batteries for electric vehicles on January 23, 2019?

Sodium sulfur batteries have a high specific energy, with a theoretical specific energy of 760W · h/kg, which is actually greater than 100W · h/kg, 3-4 times that of lead-acid batteries. In addition, they can discharge with high current and high power, and their discharge current density can generally reach 200-300mA/mm2, and they can release three times their inherent energy in an instant. Another advantage is their high charge and discharge efficiency. Due to the use of solid electrolytes, they do not have the self discharge and side reactions commonly found in liquid electrolyte secondary batteries, and their charge and discharge current efficiency is almost 100%.

The disadvantages of sodium sulfur batteries are mainly that their working temperature is between 300-350 ℃, so they require certain heating and insulation during operation. However, high temperature corrosion is severe and the battery life is short. High performance vacuum insulation technology has been adopted to effectively solve this problem, but there are also issues such as poor performance stability and safety in use.

5. Nickel cadmium battery

The application of nickel cadmium batteries is second only to lead-acid batteries, with a specific energy of 55W · h/kg and a specific power of over 190W/kg. They can be quickly charged and have a longer cycle life, more than twice that of lead-acid batteries, reaching over 2000 cycles. However, their price is 4-5 times that of lead-acid batteries. Although their initial purchase cost is high, their long-term actual usage cost is not high due to their advantages in energy and service life.

Its disadvantage is that it has a "memory effect", which can easily lead to a decrease in the available capacity of the battery due to poor charging and discharging. After about ten uses, a complete charge and discharge should be performed. If there is already a "memory effect", it should be continuously charged and discharged 3-5 times to release the memory. In addition, cadmium is toxic, so attention should be paid to recycling during use to avoid environmental pollution caused by cadmium.

6. Fuel cell

Simply put, a fuel cell is a power generation device that directly converts the chemical energy present in fuel and oxidant into electrical energy. Fuel and air are separately fed into the fuel cell, and electricity is miraculously produced. It looks like a battery with positive and negative electrodes and electrolytes on the surface, but in reality, it cannot "store electricity" but is a "power plant".

Fuel cells are specialized for fuel cell electric vehicles and can be divided into alkaline fuel cells (AFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC), and other types.

The most promising application for automobiles is proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Its working principle is to send hydrogen gas to the negative electrode, and through the action of a catalyst (platinum), two electrons in the hydrogen atom are separated. These two electrons are attracted by the positive electrode and generate an electric current through an external circuit. Hydrogen ions (protons) that have lost electrons can pass through the proton exchange membrane (i.e. solid electrolyte) and recombine with oxygen atoms and electrons at the positive electrode to form water. Since oxygen can be obtained from the air, as long as hydrogen is continuously supplied to the negative electrode and water (steam) is taken away in a timely manner, fuel cells can continuously provide electrical energy.

Because fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy without undergoing combustion processes, they are not limited by the Carnot cycle. At present, the fuel to electricity conversion efficiency of fuel cell systems is between 45% and 60%, while the efficiency of thermal and nuclear power generation is approximately between 30% and 40%.

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