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Lithium batteries are divided into two types: lithium metal batteries and lithium-ion batteries. This is defined based on the form in which lithium exists. Lithium metal batteries use metallic lithium as the electrode, while lithium-ion batteries exist in the form of ions on the electrode.

Lithium metal batteries generate electrical energy through the corrosion or oxidation of metallic lithium, which becomes unusable and cannot be charged, hence they are also known as primary batteries. Lithium ion batteries use the concentration difference of lithium ions for energy storage and discharge. There is no metallic lithium in the battery, so it is also known as lithium secondary batteries. At present, the rechargeable lithium batteries used in mobile phones, cameras, power tools, electric vehicles, energy storage, communication base stations, etc. are all lithium-ion batteries. Most commonly used and visible lithium batteries in the general market are lithium-ion batteries, commonly referred to as lithium batteries. The term 'lithium battery' in this article mainly refers to lithium-ion batteries.

1、 Classification of lithium batteries

1. There are two commonly used classification methods in the market: classification by polar material and classification by product appearance.

A、 Classified by polar material

Positive electrode materials: lithium iron phosphate battery (LFP), lithium cobalt oxide battery (LCO), lithium manganese oxide battery (LMO), (binary battery: lithium nickel manganese oxide/lithium nickel cobalt oxide), (ternary: lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide battery (NCM), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide battery (NCA))

Negative electrode materials: lithium titanate battery (LTO), graphene battery, nano carbon fiber battery

The concept of graphene in the market mainly refers to graphene based batteries, which involve adding graphene slurry to the electrode sheet or adding graphene coating on the separator. Lithium nickel oxide and magnesium based batteries are basically non-existent in the market.

B、 Classified by product appearance

Divided into: cylinder, soft pack, square.

Cylindrical and square outer packaging are mostly made of steel or aluminum shells. The outer packaging of the soft pack is made of aluminum-plastic film. In fact, the soft pack is also a square shape. It is commonly referred to as a soft pack in the market when packaged with aluminum-plastic film. Some people also refer to soft pack batteries as polymer batteries.

For cylindrical lithium-ion batteries, the model number is generally a 5-digit number. The first two digits are the diameter of the battery, and the middle two digits are the height of the battery. The unit is millimeters. For example, the 18650 lithium battery has a diameter of 18 millimeters and a height of 65 millimeters.

C、 According to the different electrolyte materials

Lithium ion batteries are divided into liquid lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and polymer lithium-ion batteries (PLB).

Liquid lithium-ion batteries use liquid electrolytes (currently most power batteries use this type). Polymer lithium ion batteries are replaced by solid polymer electrolytes, which can be either "dry" or "colloidal". At present, most of them use polymer gel electrolytes. Regarding solid-state batteries, strictly speaking, it refers to both electrodes and electrolytes being solid.

D、 Classified by practical performance of batteries

Power type batteries and energy type batteries. Energy type batteries are characterized by high energy density and are mainly used for high-energy output; Power type batteries are characterized by high power density and are mainly used for instantaneous high-power output and output batteries. The power energy type lithium battery emerged with the emergence of plug-in hybrid vehicles. It requires a high amount of energy stored in the battery, which can support pure electric driving for a certain distance, and also has good power characteristics to enter hybrid mode when the battery is low.

Simply put, the energy type is similar to a marathon runner. To have endurance, high capacity is required, and high current discharge performance is not required; So the power type is a sprinter who strives for explosive power, but also needs endurance, otherwise if the capacity is too small, they won't be able to run far.

2、 Composition of lithium battery materials

Four main materials: positive electrode material, negative electrode material, separator, electrolyte

Auxiliary materials: NMP, copper foil, aluminum foil, aluminum shell cover plate, conductive agent, adhesive, other (EMD), etc.

Lithium batteries "are a type of battery that uses lithium metal or lithium alloy as the negative electrode material and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. In 1912, the lithium metal battery was first developed by Gil

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T.N. Lewis proposed and studied it. In the 1970s, M.S. Whittingham proposed and began researching lithium-ion batteries. Due to the highly reactive chemical properties of lithium metal, its processing, storage, and use require very high environmental standards. So, lithium batteries have not been applied for a long time. With the development of science and technology, lithium batteries have now become mainstream.

Lithium batteries can be roughly divided into two categories: lithium metal batteries and lithium-ion batteries. Lithium ion batteries do not contain metallic lithium and are rechargeable. The fifth generation product of rechargeable batteries, lithium metal batteries, was born in 1996. Its safety, specific capacity, self discharge rate, and cost-effectiveness are all superior to lithium-ion batteries. Due to its own high-tech requirements, only a few countries are currently producing this type of lithium metal battery.

Carbon negative electrode material

The negative electrode materials that have been practically used in lithium-ion batteries are basically carbon materials, such as artificial graphite, natural graphite, intermediate phase carbon microspheres, petroleum coke, carbon fiber, pyrolytic resin carbon, etc.

Tin based negative electrode material

Tin based negative electrode materials can be divided into two types: tin oxides and tin based composite oxides. Oxide refers to the oxide of various valence states of tin metal. There are no commercialized products.

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