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The secret of lithium-ion battery aging

The range of battery usage has always been a concern for researchers, as no matter how large the battery is, not charging it multiple times is meaningless. We all know that lithium-ion batteries reduce capacity during use, but no one understands why. Recently, the US energy agency discovered the cause of battery aging: nanoscale crystals.

Scholars have conducted careful research on the positive and negative electrode materials of modern batteries and found that these materials are directly corroded during use, but the mechanism of corrosion is not clear. The Brookhaven National Laboratory team studied high-quality nickel oxygen cathodes under transmission electron microscopy and recorded their changes during repeated charging and discharging.

The more you use, the less you use

Experiments have shown that when lithium ions pass through the positive and negative electrodes, they get stuck in the ion channel and react with nickel oxide to form tiny crystals. These crystals alter the internal structure of the battery, preventing other ions from reacting effectively, thereby reducing the available capacity of the battery. Surprisingly, this weakness is random rather than regular.

The reason why lithium-ion batteries are imperfect is that their components are not perfect. No matter how much attention we pay to the structure of the anode and cathode, slight damage will occur to the crystal. Just like boiling water, uneven surfaces make hot water more prone to bubbling. It can be considered that nanocrystals appear when there is a gap in battery data.

The more you use, the less you use

The arrow on the left indicates the lithium-ion channel; The atomic loss layer is displayed on the right

The US energy agency has also launched a second study on the impact of charging speed on battery capacity. They found that modern batteries are getting smaller, which in turn shortens their lifespan. The larger the battery, the faster it charges, and the slower the formation of nanocrystals.

So what can we do to prevent the emergence of nanocrystals? At least make it slower. There is a theoretical solution. Researchers have found that by using atomic deposition, they can fill the gaps in battery data, which can at least slow down the development of nanocrystals. Although this method can alleviate pain, it can at least allow the battery to shrink without sacrificing capacity. Of course, scholars are also finding ways to break crystals and regenerate old batteries.

This research may be more valuable than adding new battery capacity. As for hardware, the lifespan of products depends on their number of charge and discharge cycles. Now, with many hardware systems that cannot be disconnected, this research may make us no longer slaves to electricity.

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