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The active material on the positive plate of lead-acid batteries is lead dioxide, and the active material on the plates is sponge like pure lead. The electrolyte is a certain concentration of sulfuric acid solution, and the electromotive force between the plates is about 2V.

The active material on the positive electrode plate of nickel cadmium batteries is nickel oxide powder, and the active material on the negative electrode plate is cadmium oxide powder. The active materials are wrapped in perforated steel strips and pressed to form the positive and negative plates of the battery. The electrolyte is usually potassium hydroxide solution. The open circuit voltage of the battery is 1.2V.

Rechargeable battery is a rechargeable battery with limited charging times, used in conjunction with a charger. There are usually numbers 5, 7, and 1 on the market. The benefits of rechargeable batteries are economy, environmental friendliness, sufficient power, and suitability for high-power, long-term use of appliances such as portable music players and electric toys. The voltage of a rechargeable battery is lower than that of a disposable battery of the same model. The AA battery (5th charge) is 1.2 volts, while a 9V rechargeable battery is actually 8.4 volts. Nowadays, the average charging frequency is around 1000 times.

Rechargeable batteries, depending on their manufacturing materials and processes, commonly include lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium batteries, nickel iron batteries, nickel hydrogen batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. Its advantage is long cycle life, they can be fully charged and discharged more than 200 times, and some rechargeable batteries have higher load capacity than most disposable batteries. In the use of ordinary nickel cadmium and nickel hydrogen batteries, the unique memory effect causes inconvenience in use and often leads to premature failure.

Ordinary batteries are disposable, while rechargeable batteries can be charged with a charger and reused repeatedly.

Definition: The electrode is mainly made of lead and its oxides, and the electrolyte is a type of battery with sulfuric acid solution. English: Lead acidity. In the discharge state, the main component of the positive electrode is lead dioxide, and the main component of the negative electrode is lead; In the charging state, the main component of both positive and negative electrodes is lead sulfate. Divided into exhaust type batteries and maintenance free lead-acid batteries.

The battery is mainly composed of a tubular positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, an electrolyte, a separator, a battery compartment, a battery cover, a pole, and a liquid injection cover. The electrodes of an exhaust battery are composed of lead and lead oxide, and the electrolyte is an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid. The main advantages are stable voltage and low price; The disadvantages are low specific energy (i.e. the amount of stored electricity per kilogram of battery), short service life, and frequent daily maintenance. The lifespan of old-fashioned ordinary batteries is generally around 2 years, and it is necessary to regularly check the height of the electrolyte and add distilled water. However, with the development of technology, the lifespan of lead-acid batteries has become longer and maintenance has become simpler.

The most obvious feature of lead-acid batteries is that they have a plastic sealing cover that can be unscrewed at the top, and there are also ventilation holes on top. These injection caps are used for adding pure water, checking electrolyte, and discharging gases. In theory, lead-acid batteries need to check the density and liquid level of the electrolyte during each maintenance, and if there is a shortage, distilled water should be added. But with the upgrading of battery manufacturing technology, lead-acid batteries have developed into maintenance free lead-acid batteries and gel maintenance free batteries. Lead acid batteries do not require the addition of electrolyte or distilled water during use. The main purpose is to use the positive electrode to generate oxygen, which can be absorbed at the negative electrode to achieve oxygen circulation and prevent moisture reduction. Lead acid water batteries are mostly used in tractor, tricycle, car starting, etc., while maintenance free lead-acid batteries have a wider range of applications, including uninterruptible power supplies, electric vehicle power, electric bicycle batteries, etc. Lead acid batteries are divided into constant current discharge (such as uninterruptible power supply) and instantaneous discharge (such as car starter batteries) according to application needs.

When discharging, the concentration of sulfuric acid solution will continuously decrease. When the density of the solution drops to 1.18g/ml, it should be stopped for charging

Charging: 2PbSO+ 2H? O=PbO?+Pb+2H?SO? (Electrolytic cell)

Lead acid battery

Lead acid batteries (4 sheets)

Discharge: PbO+ Pb+2H? SO?=2PbSO?+2H? O (primary battery)

Anode: PbSO+ 2H? O－2e‐===PbO?+4H﹢+SO? 2‐

Cathode: PbSO+ 2e‐===Pb+SO? 2‐

Negative electrode: Pb+SO? 2‐－2e===PbSO?

Positive electrode: PbO+ 4H﹢+SO42‐+2e‐===PbSO?+ 2H? O

history

The battery was invented by French inventor Plante in 1859 and has a history of over a hundred years. Since its invention, lead-acid batteries have always had an absolute advantage in chemical power sources. This is because of its low price, easy availability of raw materials, sufficient reliability in use, and suitability for high current discharge and a wide range of environmental temperatures.

G. Plante invented lead-acid batteries in 1859 and has gone through nearly 150 years of development. Lead acid batteries have made significant progress in theoretical research, product types and varieties, electrical performance, and other aspects. Whether in transportation, communication, power, special industries, navigation, or various economic fields, lead-acid batteries play an indispensable and important role.

By the beginning of the 20th century, lead-acid batteries had undergone significant improvements, enhancing their energy density, cycle life, and high rate discharge performance. However, open-ended lead-acid batteries have two main drawbacks: ① At the end of charging, water will decompose into hydrogen, and oxygen will precipitate, requiring frequent addition of acid and water, and heavy maintenance work; ② When gas overflows, it carries acid mist, corrodes surrounding equipment, and pollutes the environment, limiting the application of batteries. In the past two decades, in order to solve the above two problems, countries around the world have been competing to develop sealed lead-acid batteries, hoping to achieve battery sealing and obtain clean green energy.

In 1912, Thomas Edison published a patent proposing the use of platinum wires in the upper space of a single cell. When an electric current passes through, platinum is heated and becomes a catalyst for hydrogen and oxygen synthesis, causing the precipitated H2 to recombine with O2 and return to the electrolyte. But the patent was not implemented: ① The platinum catalyst quickly became ineffective; ② Gas does not precipitate according to the stoichiometric number of hydrogen, oxygen, and 1, and gas still occurs inside the battery There is a risk of explosion.

In the 1960s, the American company Gates invented lead calcium alloy, which caused the heating of sealed lead-acid batteries. Major battery companies around the world invested a lot of manpower and resources in its development.

In 1969, the US lunar landing program was implemented, and sealed valve regulated lead-acid batteries and cadmium nickel batteries were included in the power supply for lunar rovers. Eventually, cadmium nickel batteries were adopted, but sealed lead-acid battery technology was developed thereafter.

From 1969 to 1970, EC Corporation in the United States manufactured approximately 350000 small sealed lead-acid batteries, which used glass fiber cotton separators and a lean system. This was the earliest commercial valve regulated lead-acid battery, but its oxygen recombination principle was not yet recognized at that time.

In 1975, after many years of hard work and at a high cost, GatesRutter obtained an invention patent for a D-type sealed lead-acid dry battery, which became the prototype of today's VRLA battery.

In 1979, GNB company, after purchasing Gates' patent, invented the MFX positive grid patent alloy and began large-scale promotion and production of high-capacity suction sealed maintenance free lead-acid batteries.

In 1984, VRLA batteries were widely used in the United States and Europe.

In 1987, with the rapid development of the telecommunications industry, VRLA batteries were rapidly promoted and used in the telecommunications sector.

In 1991, the British telecommunications department conducted inspections and tests on VRLA batteries in use and found that VRLA batteries did not exhibit the phenomena of thermal runaway, combustion, and early capacity failure as advertised by manufacturers. This sparked extensive discussions in the battery industry and raised questions about the development prospects, capacity monitoring technology, thermal runaway, and reliability of VRLA batteries. At this time, the market share of VRLA batteries was less than 50% of that of rich liquid batteries. The name "sealed maintenance free lead-acid batteries" was officially replaced by "VRLA batteries" because VRLA batteries are a type of battery that still needs to be managed, and using "maintenance free" can easily cause misunderstandings.

In 1992, in response to the issues raised in 1991, battery experts and technicians from manufacturers published articles proposing countermeasures and opinions. Among them, Dr. DaridFeder proposed using conductivity measurement to monitor VRLA batteries. I. C. Bearinger commented on the progressiveness of VRLA battery from the technical aspect. These articles have played a significant role in promoting the development and application of VRLA batteries.

In 1992, the usage of VRLA batteries in Europe and the Americas increased significantly, and the telecommunications departments of Asian countries advocated for the full adoption of VRLA batteries; In 1996, VRLA batteries basically replaced traditional flooded batteries, and VRLA batteries have been widely recognized by users.

development

During the 11th Five Year Plan period, the market size of lead-acid batteries in China rapidly expanded, with an average annual production growth rate of about 20%. The overall scale doubled, rising from about 70 million KVAh in 2005 to 144.1668 million KVAh in 2010.

In 2011, the production and sales scale of China's lead-acid battery industry expanded, with significant increases in profits and sales profits, and the industry's operating efficiency was good. In 2011, the total assets of China's lead-acid battery industry were 88.091 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 39.35%; Achieved sales revenue of 96.515 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 32.40%; The total profit reached 5.72 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 10.81%. Please refer to the "Analysis Report on Market Outlook and Investment Strategy Planning of China's Lead Acid Battery Industry" for details.

At the same time, after years of development, lead-acid battery technology has made breakthroughs in issues such as specific energy, cycle life, and high and low temperature adaptability. At present, China is gradually narrowing the gap with international leading technologies, and has reached the international level in some core technologies, and is increasingly entering the international market.

With the increasing competition in the lead-acid battery industry, mergers and acquisitions as well as capital operations among large lead-acid battery production enterprises are becoming more frequent. Excellent domestic lead-acid battery production enterprises are paying more and more attention to research on the industry market, especially in-depth research on the development environment and changes in customer demand trends. As a result, a large number of excellent domestic lead-acid battery brands have rapidly emerged and gradually become leaders in the lead-acid battery industry!

At present, there are three main problems in the development of the lead-acid battery industry: firstly, illegal lead-acid battery and recycled lead production enterprises still exist, the level of technical equipment is not high, and standardized enterprises are still at a disadvantage in market competition, which affects the healthy development of the industry. Secondly, a small number of enterprises ignore national requirements for hazardous waste management and engage in illegal collection, storage, and disposal activities of waste lead-acid batteries. A large number of waste lead-acid batteries flood into illegal recycling channels, making standardized recycling enterprises lack price competitive advantages. Thirdly, the lead-acid battery industry lacks technical support and economically reasonable pollution control technologies, especially the industrial operation of clean production technology for batteries, which is obviously insufficient. The promotion of advanced technologies is not enough, which restricts the technological progress of the industry.

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