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What is the meaning of battery capacity (Ah)?

The rated capacity C of a battery, in ampere hours (Ah), is the product of the discharge current in amperes (A) and the discharge time in hours (h). Due to the fact that the Ah obtained from using different discharge parameters for the same battery is different, in order to facilitate the description, measurement, and comparison of battery capacity, it is necessary to set uniform conditions in advance. In practice, battery capacity is defined as the amount of electricity given by discharging a battery to a set voltage using a set current. It can also be said that battery capacity is the product of the time it takes to discharge the battery to the set voltage using the set current and this current.

In order to set unified conditions, several discharge rates were first set based on the differences in battery construction characteristics and usage. The most common rates are 20 hours, 10 hours, and 2 hours for electric vehicle specific batteries, written as C20, C10, and C2. C represents the battery capacity, and the following numbers represent the number of hours that the battery discharges to the set voltage at a certain intensity of current. So, dividing the hours by the capacity yields the rated discharge current. That is to say, batteries with the same capacity but different discharge rates have significantly different nominal discharge currents. For example, a battery with a capacity of 10Ah and a discharge rate of 2 hours for an electric bicycle, written as 10Ah2, has a rated discharge current of 10 (Ah)/2 (h)=5A; A car's starting battery has a capacity of 54Ah and a discharge rate of 20 hours, written as 54Ah20. Its rated discharge current is only 54 (Ah)/20 (h)=2.7A! From another perspective, if these two types of batteries are discharged with currents of 5A and 2.7A respectively, they should be able to last for 2 hours and 20 hours before falling to the set voltage.

The voltage set above refers to the termination voltage (in volts). The termination voltage can be simply understood as the minimum value at which the battery voltage drops to a level that does not cause damage during discharge. The termination voltage value is not fixed and unchanging, it decreases with the increase of discharge current. The larger the discharge current of the same battery, the lower the termination voltage can be, and vice versa, it should be higher. That is to say, high current discharge allows the battery voltage to drop to a lower value, while low current discharge is not possible, otherwise it will cause damage.

The current intensity of a battery during operation is often expressed in terms of multiplication, written as NCh. N is a multiple, C represents the ampere hours of capacity, and h represents the number of hours specified by the discharge rate. The value of h here is only used to indicate which discharge rate the relevant battery belongs to, so when describing a specific rate of battery, the multiplier is often written in the form of NC without subscripts. Multiplying N by the capacity C equals the current A. For example, a 20Ah battery uses a 0.5C rate discharge, with 0.5 x 20=10A. From another perspective, for example, if a car's starting battery has a capacity of 54Ah and the measured output current is 5.4A, then its discharge rate N at this time is 5.4/54=0.1C. The following figure shows the relationship between the termination voltage and discharge time of a 20 hour rate battery product at different discharge rates, which is representative of typical lead-acid batteries.

As shown in the figure, the number of Ah (product of current and time) obtained by the same battery under different discharge currents is different. Assuming the capacity of the battery is 10Ah, the discharge time can only last for 1 hour at a rate of 0.6C, which is 6A. The amount of electricity that can be discharged is only 6A x 1h=6Ah. At 0.05C, which is 0.5A, the discharge time can last for 20 hours, and the discharged power is 0.5A x 20h=10Ah. Although the termination voltage of the former is much lower than that of the latter, the amount of electricity that can be discharged is much smaller than that of the latter.

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