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Refuse to use positive and negative electrode materials for batteries. The voltage of common positive electrode materials such as lithium cobalt oxide and lithium manganese oxide is around 3.7, and that of lithium iron phosphate is around 3.2. The common negative electrode materials have a voltage of around 0 for graphite and around 1.2 for lithium titanate. The difference between the positive and negative electrodes is the battery voltage

The voltage of a battery is not constant during constant current charging and discharging.

When charging at constant current, the voltage changes as follows: rising, stable, and rising (when it rises to a certain extent, it cannot be recharged, and recharging is called overcharging, which may explode)

During constant current discharge, the changes in voltage are: decrease, steady, and decrease (the voltage is getting lower and lower)

It can be seen that during constant current charging and discharging, there is a stable process of voltage, and this stable value is the charging and discharging platform.

Of course, the stationary value is not an absolute level, but the higher the level, the better, and the longer the duration, the better. Because using batteries means using a period of stable voltage, rather than a period of constantly changing voltage.

When discharging, the voltage change of the battery is not a slope decrease. Generally, at the beginning of discharge, the voltage drops rapidly. After a period of time, as the discharge progresses, the battery voltage remains almost unchanged or changes very little. This period accounts for the vast majority of the entire discharge time, which is the platform voltage of discharge.

Generally speaking, the nominal voltage is the center voltage of the platform voltage, around which the voltage changes slowly during charging and discharging.

For example, the platform voltage of a nominal 3.7V lithium battery is around 3.7V, and the platform voltage of a nominal 3.2V iron lithium battery is around 3.2V.

4.2-3.6V refers to the open circuit voltage of the battery, while the platform voltage refers to the voltage required by the electrical equipment to drive it and ensure its normal operation;

The platform voltage of 3.3V refers to the voltage that cannot be lower than 3.3V under electrical conditions, otherwise the equipment cannot work, which is obviously a closed circuit voltage;

Different from the so-called voltage of 4.2-3.6V!

18650 is a standardized lithium-ion battery model established by Japanese company SONY, the pioneer of lithium-ion batteries, in order to save costs. 18 represents a diameter of 18mm, 65 represents a length of 65mm, and 0 represents a cylindrical battery.

The common 18650 batteries are divided into lithium-ion batteries and lithium iron phosphate batteries. The nominal voltage of lithium-ion batteries is 3.7V, and the charging cutoff voltage is 4.2V. The nominal voltage of lithium iron phosphate batteries is 3.2V, and the charging cutoff voltage is 3.6V. The capacity is usually 1200mAh to 3350mAh, and the common capacity is 2200mAh to 2600mAh.

Lithium ion battery: Lithium ion batteries have the advantages of light weight, large capacity, and no memory effect, thus obtaining

18650 lithium battery

18650 lithium battery

Universal application - Many digital devices use lithium-ion batteries as power sources, although their prices are relatively expensive. Lithium ion batteries have a high energy density, with a capacity 1.5 to 2 times that of nickel hydrogen batteries of the same weight, and have a very low self discharge rate. In addition, lithium-ion batteries have the advantages of almost no "memory effect" and no toxic substances, which are also important reasons for their widespread application. Additionally, please note that lithium batteries are generally labeled with English 4.2V lithium-ion battery (lithium battery), 4.2V lithium-ion secondary battery (lithium secondary battery), or 4.2V lithium-ion rechargeable battery (rechargeable lithium battery) on the outside. Therefore, when purchasing batteries, users must carefully read the markings on the outer surface of the battery block to prevent cadmium nickel and hydrogen nickel batteries from being mistaken for lithium batteries due to unclear battery types.

The standard for lithium batteries is the same for 3.7V or 4.2V. It's just that the manufacturer's labeling is different. 3.7V refers to the platform voltage (i.e. typical voltage) at which the battery is discharged during use, while 4.2V refers to the voltage at full charge. The common rechargeable 18650 lithium batteries have a voltage standard of 3.6 or 3.7V, and when fully charged, it is 4.2V, which has little to do with the amount of electricity (capacity). The mainstream capacity of 18650 batteries ranges from 1800mAh to 2600mAh (18650 power batteries often have a capacity of 2200-2600mAh), and the mainstream capacity even includes those with a standard of 3500 or 4000mAh or above (it is reminded that domestically produced cells with a nominal capacity of 3350mAH or above on the market may be fake, and the maximum capacity currently produced in China is 3350mAh).

It is generally believed that when the no-load voltage of a lithium battery is below 3.0V, it is considered to have run out of battery (the specific value depends on the threshold value of the battery protection board, for example, there are as low as 2.8V and as low as 3.2V). Most lithium batteries should not be discharged with a no-load voltage below 3.2V, otherwise excessive discharge will damage the battery (generally, lithium batteries on the market are only used with protective plates, so excessive discharge can also cause the protective plate to not detect the battery, making it unable to charge the battery). 4.2V is the maximum limiting voltage for battery charging. It is generally believed that charging the no-load voltage of a lithium battery to 4.2V is considered fully charged. During the battery charging process, the voltage gradually rises from 3.7V to 4.2V. Charging a lithium battery cannot charge the no-load voltage above 4.2V, otherwise it will also damage the battery. This is the special feature of lithium batteries.

The theoretical lifespan of 18650 batteries is 1000 cycles of charging. Due to the large capacity per unit density, most of it is used for laptop batteries, except for

18650 lithium battery

18650 lithium battery

In addition, due to its excellent stability performance in work, the 18650 is widely used in various electronic fields: commonly used in high-end strong light flashlights, portable power supplies, wireless data transmitters, electric warm clothing, shoes, portable instruments and meters, portable lighting equipment, portable printers, industrial instruments, medical instruments, etc.

18650 means a diameter of 18 millimeters and a length of 65 millimeters. The model of battery number 5 is 14500, with a diameter of 14 millimeters and a length of 50 millimeters. Generally, 18650 batteries are used more in industry and less in civilian use. The common ones are also used more in laptop batteries and high-end flashlights.

18650 is only the size and model of the battery, which can be divided into lithium-ion 18650, lithium iron phosphate 18650, nickel hydrogen 18650 (rare), and common 18650 is lithium-ion.

Charging and discharging principles

The working principle of lithium-ion batteries refers to their charging and discharging principles. When charging the battery, lithium ions are generated on the positive electrode of the battery, resulting in the generation of lithium

18650 lithium battery

18650 lithium battery

Ions move through the electrolyte to the negative electrode. As the negative electrode, carbon has a layered structure with many micropores, and lithium ions that reach the negative electrode are embedded into the micropores of the carbon layer. The more lithium ions embedded, the higher the charging capacity.

Similarly, when discharging the battery (i.e. during the process of using the battery), the lithium ions embedded in the negative carbon layer detach and move back to the positive electrode. The more lithium ions return to the positive electrode, the higher the discharge capacity. The battery capacity we usually refer to is the discharge capacity.

It is not difficult to see that during the charging and discharging process of lithium-ion batteries, lithium ions are in a motion state from positive electrode to negative electrode to positive electrode. If we vividly compare lithium-ion batteries to a rocking chair, with the two ends of the rocking chair being the two poles of the battery, and lithium-ion batteries are like excellent athletes running back and forth between the two ends of the rocking chair. So, experts have given lithium-ion batteries a cute name, rocking chair battery.

Charging and discharging process

The charging control of lithium batteries is divided into two stages. The first stage is constant current charging. When the battery voltage is below 4.2V, the charger will charge at a constant current. The second stage is the constant voltage charging stage. When the battery voltage reaches 4.2V, due to the characteristics of lithium batteries, if the voltage is too high, it will be damaged. The charger will fix the voltage at 4.2V, and the charging current will gradually decrease. When the current decreases to a certain value (usually 1/10 of the set current), the charging circuit will be cut off, and the charging completion indicator light will light up, indicating that the charging is completed.

Excessive charging and discharging of lithium-ion batteries can cause permanent damage to the positive and negative electrodes. Excessive discharge leads to collapse of the negative electrode carbon layer structure, which can cause

18650 lithium battery charger

18650 lithium battery charger

Lithium ions cannot be inserted during the charging process; Overcharging causes excessive lithium ions to embed into the negative electrode carbon structure, causing some of the lithium ions to no longer be released.

Some chargers are implemented using inexpensive solutions, but their control accuracy is not good enough, which can easily cause abnormal battery charging and even damage the battery. When choosing a charger, try to choose a large brand 18650 lithium-ion battery charger, with guaranteed quality and after-sales service to extend the battery's service life. The 18650 lithium-ion battery charger guaranteed by the brand has four protection functions: short circuit protection, overcurrent protection, overvoltage protection, battery reverse connection protection, etc. Overcharge protection: When the charger overcharges the lithium-ion battery, to prevent internal pressure rise caused by temperature rise, the charging state needs to be terminated. For this purpose, the protective device needs to monitor the battery voltage. When it reaches the overcharge voltage of the battery, the overcharge protection function is activated and charging is terminated. Overdischarge protection: In order to prevent the over discharge state of lithium-ion batteries, when the voltage of the lithium-ion battery is lower than its over discharge voltage detection point, the over discharge protection is activated, the discharge is stopped, and the battery is kept in a low static current standby mode. Overcurrent and short circuit protection: When the discharge current of a lithium-ion battery is too high or a short circuit occurs, the protective device will activate the overcurrent protection function.

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