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In the process of charging and discharging lithium batteries, many processes are in use. Although this technology is increasingly popular, some of these processes are still not fully understood.

Observing these events can find ways to improve the performance, but considering the complex structure of lithium batteries and the limitations of microscope technology, it is not easy.

Scientists at Skoltech Energy Science and Technology Center in Moscow developed a method to take a closer look at such a process to form a solid electrolyte interface (SEI). The researchers described it as a thin layer of electrolyte to reduce the lithium battery anode formed on the product surface in the first few cycles.

According to Skoltech Group, the formation of such films is crucial for slowing down battery degradation. However, the formation of field measurement SEI has proved to be difficult, and replacing commercial battery materials with more uniform substitutes in the laboratory is the only way to obtain results.

The battery grade material is powder. It is challenging to visualize the dynamic process of its surface through AFM (Atomic Force Microscope), especially in the liquid environment, said Sergey Luchkin, a scientist at Skoltech. The standard battery electrode is too rough for such measurement, and isolated particles often fall off from the substrate during scanning. To solve this problem, we embed the particles into the epoxy resin and make a cross section so that the particles are firmly fixed on the substrate.

In addition to highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (one of the more uniform carbon materials used to study SEI), Skoltech's team also applied its cross section process to the electrodes of medium carbon micro bead graphite and non graphitized amorphous carbon, enabling researchers to observe the thickness of the SEI layer formed and evaluate its electrical and mechanical properties.

The cross section method was applied to lithium manganese cobalt cathode, and no evidence of SEI layer formation was found. According to the scientists, this result indicates that future research should recognize the fundamental difference in the stability mechanism between the anode and cathode of lithium batteries.

Professor Skoltech Keith Stevenson said: The research on the spatial analysis of battery interface and interphase is detailed in this work, which provides important new insights into the structure and evolution of anode SEI. Therefore, they provide solid guidelines for rational electrolyte design to improve the safety of high-performance batteries.

According to the team's investigation, the research results published in the Scientific Report show that the formation conditions of SEI are significantly different due to different electrode materials. It was found that SEI adhesion was related to surface roughness of electrode. It was found that rough surfaces can rapidly reduce degradation, because SEI can penetrate into more porous surfaces to achieve better adhesion.

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