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The largest supercapacitor in industry has a diameter of 65mm and a length of mm. Volume=3. (pi) * 32.5 * 32.5 (square of radius) *=. cubic millimeters=cubic centimeters=ml. Supercapacitors can be divided into double-layer capacitors and pseudocapacitors based on energy storage mechanisms. It is a new type of energy storage device that has the characteristics of high power density, short charging time, long service life, good temperature characteristics, energy conservation, and green environmental protection. Supercapacitors have a wide range of applications. Supercapacitors are capacitors that utilize the double layer principle. When an external voltage is applied to the two plates of a supercapacitor, like a regular capacitor, the positive electrode of the plate stores positive charges, while the negative electrode stores negative charges. Under the electric field generated by the charges on the two plates of the supercapacitor, opposite charges are formed at the interface between the electrolyte and the electrodes to balance the internal electric field of the electrolyte. These positive and negative charges are arranged in opposite positions with a very short gap between the positive and negative charges on the contact surface between two different phases. This charge distribution layer is called a double layer, so the capacitance is very large. When the potential between the two electrode plates is lower than the oxidation-reduction electrode potential of the electrolyte, the charge on the electrolyte interface will not detach from the electrolyte, and the supercapacitor is in normal working state (usually below 3). If the voltage at both ends of the capacitor exceeds the oxidation-reduction electrode potential of the electrolyte, the electrolyte will decompose and become an abnormal state. Due to the discharge of the supercapacitor, the charges on the positive and negative plates are discharged by the external circuit, and the charges on the interface of the electrolyte are correspondingly reduced. From this, it can be seen that the charging and discharging process of supercapacitors is always a physical process without any chemical reactions. Therefore, the performance is stable and different from batteries that utilize chemical reactions.

Supercapacitor batteries, also known as gold capacitors or Faraday capacitors, store energy through polarized electrolytes and belong to a type of double-layer capacitor. Due to the fact that the energy storage process does not undergo chemical reactions, this energy storage process is reversible, precisely because this supercapacitor can be charged and discharged hundreds of thousands of times repeatedly. Supercapacitors generally use activated carbon electrode materials, which have the characteristics of large adsorption area and high electrostatic storage, and are widely used in new energy vehicles.

Supercapacitor batteries, also known as Electrical Double Layer Capacitors, are a new type of energy storage device that has the characteristics of short charging time, long service life, good temperature characteristics, energy conservation, and green environmental protection. Supercapacitors have a wide range of applications. Used as a power balancing power source for lifting devices, capable of providing electricity with extremely high currents; Used as a vehicle starting power source, it has higher starting efficiency and reliability than traditional batteries, and can completely or partially replace traditional batteries; As a traction energy source for vehicles, it can be used to produce electric vehicles, replace traditional internal combustion engines, and transform existing tram systems; Used in special operations, it can ensure the smooth start-up of tanks, armored vehicles, and other tanks (especially in cold winter), and serve as a pulse energy source for laser weapons. In addition, it can also be used as energy storage for other electromechanical equipment

Due to the increasing shortage of petroleum resources and the increasingly serious environmental pollution caused by the exhaust emissions of internal combustion engines burning petroleum, supercapacitors are being studied as new energy devices to replace internal combustion engines, especially in large and medium-sized cities. We have conducted research and development on hybrid power, fuel cells, chemical battery products and applications, and have achieved certain results. However, due to their inherent weaknesses such as short service life, poor temperature characteristics, environmental pollution from chemical batteries, complex systems, and high cost, there has always been no good solution. And supercapacitors, with their excellent characteristics, can partially or completely replace traditional chemical batteries for vehicle traction power and starting energy, and have a wider range of uses than traditional chemical batteries. Therefore, countries around the world (especially developed Western countries) have spared no effort in researching and developing supercapacitors. Among them, countries such as the United States, Japan, and Russia not only take the lead in research and development production, but also establish specialized national management institutions (such as USABC in the United States, SUN in Japan, REVA in Russia, etc.) to formulate national development plans, which are actively promoted by the state with huge investment and manpower. In terms of the technological level of supercapacitors, Russia is currently at the forefront of the world, and its products have been commercialized and applied, and have been rated as the most advanced products by the 17th International Electric Vehicle Annual Conference (EVS-17). Japan, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Australia and other countries are also catching up, and the promotion and application of supercapacitors in various countries has become quite extensive. Promoting the use of supercapacitors in China can reduce oil consumption, reduce dependence on oil imports, and promote national oil security; Effectively solving the problems of urban exhaust pollution and lead-acid battery pollution; Beneficial for solving the low-temperature starting problem of tanks. Currently, there are more than 10 domestic enterprises engaged in the research and development of supercapacitors

Supercapacitors are a new type of capacitor based on the interface double layer theory proposed by German physicist Helmholtz. As is well known, excess charges with opposite signs will appear on the surface of metal electrodes inserted into electrolyte solutions and on both sides of the liquid surface, resulting in a potential difference between the phases. So, if two electrodes are simultaneously inserted into the electrolyte and a voltage smaller than the decomposition voltage of the electrolyte solution is applied between them, the positive and negative ions in the electrolyte will quickly move towards the two poles under the action of the electric field, and form a tight charge layer on the surface of the two electrodes, namely a double layer. The double layer formed by it is similar to the polarization charge generated by the dielectric in traditional capacitors under the action of the electric field, resulting in a capacitive effect. The tight double layer is similar to a flat plate capacitor, but due to the much smaller distance between the charge layers of a regular capacitor, it has a larger capacity than a regular capacitor.

Compared with aluminum electrolytic capacitors, double-layer capacitors have higher internal resistance, so they can be charged directly without load resistance. If overvoltage charging occurs, double-layer capacitors will open circuit without damaging the device, which is different from overvoltage breakdown in aluminum electrolytic capacitors. Meanwhile, compared with rechargeable batteries, double-layer capacitors can perform unlimited current charging and can be charged more than 10E6 times. Therefore, double-layer capacitors not only have the characteristics of capacitors, but also have the characteristics of batteries, making them a new type of special element device that lies between batteries and capacitors.

(1) Fast charging speed, it can reach over 95% of its rated capacity in just a few seconds to a few minutes of charging; Nowadays, the largest lead-acid batteries usually require several hours to charge.

(2) The cycle service life is long, and the deep charging and discharging cycle can be used up to 500000 times. If the supercapacitor is charged and discharged 20 times a day, it can be used continuously for 68 years. If compared to lead-acid batteries, their service life can reach 68 years without any "memory effect".

(3) High current discharge capability, high energy conversion efficiency, low process loss, high current energy cycling efficiency ≥ 90%;

(4) High power density, up to 300W/kg~5000W/kg, equivalent to tens of times that of ordinary batteries; The specific energy is greatly improved, and lead-acid batteries can generally only reach 200W/kg, while supercapacitor batteries have been developed to reach 10KW/kg,

(5) The composition, production, use, storage, and dismantling process of the product's raw materials are pollution-free, making it an ideal green and environmentally friendly power source;

(6) The charging and discharging circuit is simple, without the need for charging circuits like batteries, with a high safety factor and maintenance free long-term use;

(7) Excellent ultra-low temperature characteristics, with a wide range of operating temperatures ranging from -40 ℃ to+70 ℃;

(8) Easy to detect, the remaining power can be directly read out;

(9) The capacity range of a single unit is usually 0.1F-3400F.

1. Supercapacitors have fixed polarity. Before use, polarity should be confirmed.

2. Supercapacitors should be used at nominal voltage:

When the voltage of the capacitor exceeds the nominal voltage, it will cause electrolyte decomposition, and the capacitor will heat up, reduce capacity, increase internal resistance, shorten lifespan. In some cases, it can lead to the performance collapse of the capacitor.

3. Supercapacitors cannot be used in circuits with high-frequency charging and discharging. Rapid charging and discharging at high frequencies can cause internal heating, capacity degradation, and increased internal resistance in capacitors, which in some cases can lead to performance degradation.

4. After installing a supercapacitor, do not forcefully tilt or twist the capacitor, as this will cause the capacitor leads to loosen and lead to performance degradation.

5. Avoid overheating the capacitor during the welding process:

If the capacitor overheats during welding, it will reduce the service life of the capacitor. For example, if a printed circuit board with a thickness of 1.6mm is used, the welding process should be at 260 ℃ and the time should not exceed 5 seconds.

6. When using capacitors in series:

When supercapacitors are used in series, there is a voltage balance problem between individual cells. Simple series connection can cause overvoltage in one or several individual cells, thereby damaging these capacitors and affecting their overall performance.

In addition, supercapacitors are also widely used in DC systems of substations, tax control computers, tax payment machines, shaking flashlights (battery free, can light up for 5 minutes with just 30 seconds of shaking; irradiation distance is 1 meter), smart meters (such as smart water and gas meters), and UPS power supply for computers.

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